Use of Bio-Epoxies and Their Effect on the Performance of Polymer Composites: A Critical Review

Capretti, Monica; Giammaria, Valentina; Santulli, Carlo; Boria, Simonetta; Del Bianco, Giulia

doi:10.3390/polym15244733

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 121 publications

(236 reference statements)

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“…Despite the challenges associated with this bioincorporation, existing studies on NFCs applications have shown positive enhancements in the mechanical properties through the addition of natural fibres. This improvement is attributed to the enhanced compatibility of natural fibres and the bio-matrix compared to traditional epoxy composites [102]. However, the adoption of fully bio-based composites in structural applications like the automotive industry is still limited.…”

Section: Nfcs and Automotive Industrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Fibre and Hybrid Composite Thin-Walled Structures for Automotive Crashworthiness: A Review

Capretti,

Del Bianco,

Giammaria

et al. 2024

Materials

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Natural fibres, valued for their low density, cost-effectiveness, high strength-to-weight ratio, and efficient energy absorption, are increasingly emerging as alternatives to synthetic materials in green composites. Although they cannot fully replace synthetic counterparts, like carbon, in structural applications due to their inferior mechanical performance, combining them through hybridization presents a potential solution. This approach promotes a balance between environmental benefits and mechanical efficiency. Recently, the transportation sector has shifted its focus towards delivering lightweight and crashworthy composite structures to improve vehicle performance, address safety concerns, and minimise environmental impact through the use of eco-friendly materials. The crashworthiness of energy absorbers, typically thin-walled structures, is influenced by several factors, including their material and geometric design. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of recent studies focused on the crashworthiness of fibre-reinforced, thin-walled composites under axial crushing. It explores different aspects, such as their materials, cross-sections, stacking sequences, triggering or filling mechanisms, and the effect of loading rate speed. Emphasis is placed on natural-fibre-based materials, including a comparative analysis of synthetic ones and their hybridization. The primary objective is to review the progress of solutions using green composites as energy absorbers in the automotive industry, considering their lightweight design, crashworthiness, and environmental sustainability.

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Section: Nfcs and Automotive Industrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Fibre and Hybrid Composite Thin-Walled Structures for Automotive Crashworthiness: A Review

Capretti,

Del Bianco,

Giammaria

et al. 2024

Materials

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“…Biobased epoxy resins offer several advantages over their petroleum-based counterparts. They can be derived from sustainable and renewable biomass sources, such as plant oils or sugars, reducing the reliance on fossil fuels and minimizing the carbon footprint associated with material production …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They can be derived from sustainable and renewable biomass sources, such as plant oils or sugars, reducing the reliance on fossil fuels and minimizing the carbon footprint associated with material production. 14 Vegetable oils, such as soybean or linseed oil, are valuable renewable materials composed of triglycerides, which consist of glycerol and fatty acids. The epoxidation of these vegetable oils represents a significant advancement in functionalizing their double bonds, leading to the production of biobased monomers and resins.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Generation of Recyclable High-Performance Biobased Epoxy Thermosets and Composites

Dinu,

Lafont,

Damiano

et al. 2024

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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There is a growing demand for epoxy thermosets, characterized by reduced toxicity and carcinogenicity, especially for applications requiring high-performance materials. Starting from natural, renewable, and biobased resources, the epoxidized linseed oil was chosen as a monomer to formulate a range of sustainable thermosets by cross-linking it with a specific tailored mixture of potential biobased anhydrides. The designed resins with a biobased organic carbon content varying from 86 to 96% are recyclable and reprocessable and showed storage moduli (E′) values ranging from 2.1 to 3.7 GPa, glass transition ∼114 to 136 °C, and Young's moduli ∼0.61 to 0.78 GPa. Then, carbon fiber-reinforced composites (CFRCs) were produced and tested proving their suitability with stringent environmental conditions, as proved by the results of outgassing tests. The CFRCs showed high-performance characteristics with exceptional stiffness, E′ ∼ 33 GPa, and high glass transition ∼345 °C. Tensile tests highlighted the robust compressive properties yielding an ultimate stress of ∼290 MPa, alongside superior interfacial properties with ILSS ∼ 42 MPa. Remarkably, the developed CFRC exhibited a high moisture resistance, with zero water absorption observed within 24 h and only 0.32% after 25 days of immersion. Furthermore, the composites demonstrated chemical recyclability, further enhancing their sustainability profile.

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“…For intumescent coatings, the different matrix materials used have very different properties [5][6][7][8]. Among them, epoxy resin as a kind of polymer thermosetting resin material has good film-forming, corrosion resistance, and electric insulation properties [9][10][11][12]. It also has many polar groups and highly active epoxy groups, and it can also maintain good adhesion with the surface of many materials at room temperature, such as steel, aluminum, and titanium alloy materials [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Different Diluents and Curing Agents on the Performance of Epoxy Resin-Based Intumescent Flame-Retardant Coatings

Yang,

Wan,

Yang

et al. 2024

Materials

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The epoxy resin-based (ESB) intumescent flame-retardant coatings were modified with 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (14BDDE) and butyl glycidyl ether (BGE) as diluents and T403 and 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) as curing agents, respectively. The effects of different diluents and curing agents on the flame-retardant and mechanical properties, as well as the composition evolution of the coatings, were investigated by using large-plate combustion, the limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical combustion, a cone calorimeter, X-ray diffraction, FTIR analysis, a N2 adsorption and desorption test, a scanning electron microscope (SEM), a tensile strength test, and a viscosity test. The results showed that the addition of 14BBDE and T403 promoted the oxidation of B4C and the formation of boron-containing glass or ceramics, increased the residual mass of char, densified the surface char layer, and increased the specific surface area of porous residual char. When their dosage was 30%, ESB-1T-3 coating exhibited the most excellent flame-retardant properties. During the 2 h large-plate combustion test, the backside temperature was only 138.72 °C, without any melting pits. In addition, the peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release rate (THR), total smoke production (TSP), and peak smoke production (PSPR) were reduced by 13.15%, 13.9%, 5.48%, and 17.45%, respectively, compared to the blank ESB coating. The LOI value reached 33.4%, and the vertical combustion grade was V-0. In addition, the tensile strength of the ESB-1T-3 sample was increased by 10.94% compared to ESB. In contrast, the addition of BGE and DDM promoted the combustion of the coating, affected the ceramic process of the coating, seriously affected the formation of borosilicate glass, and exhibited poor flame retardancy. The backside temperature reached 190.93 °C after 2 h combustion. A unified rule is that as the amount of diluent and curing agent increases, the flame retardancy improves while the mechanical properties decrease. This work provides data support for the preparation and process optimization of resin-based coatings.

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Use of Bio-Epoxies and Their Effect on the Performance of Polymer Composites: A Critical Review

Cited by 7 publications

References 121 publications

Natural Fibre and Hybrid Composite Thin-Walled Structures for Automotive Crashworthiness: A Review

Natural Fibre and Hybrid Composite Thin-Walled Structures for Automotive Crashworthiness: A Review

New Generation of Recyclable High-Performance Biobased Epoxy Thermosets and Composites

The Effect of Different Diluents and Curing Agents on the Performance of Epoxy Resin-Based Intumescent Flame-Retardant Coatings

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