Use of ATP, GTP, ADP and AMP as an Index of Energy Utilization and Storage in HIV Infected Individuals at NAUTH, Nigeria: A Longitudinal, Prospective, Case-Controlled Study

Abstract

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with altered metabolism and increased energy expenditure, this energy requirement increases significantly as the HIV disease progresses. This study aimed on the use of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), Guanosine triphosphate (GTP), Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) as an index of energy utilization, storage and energy balance in HIV infected individuals. This is a longitudinal, prospective, case-controlled study involving seventy seven (77) HIV Sero-positive individuals newly diagnosed attending retroviral disease treatment centre of Nnamdi Azikiwe University University Teaching Hospital (NAUTH) aged 18-60 years both male and female not on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), were enrolled in the study as test subjects and thirty six (36) apparently healthy HIV Sero-negative individuals both male and female as control subjects. ATP, GTP, ADP and AMP were estimated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while, total Energy Balance was determined by calculation. The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS software application (version 21.0) and the results expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The plasma ATP and GTP were significantly lower (P<0.05) in both HIV pre-treatment and post-treatment group compared with control group. Meanwhile, the plasma level of ADP and AMP were significantly lower (P<0.05) in HIV post-treatment group compared with HIV pre-treatment and control group. There was also a significant difference (P<0.05) in ATP, ADP, AMP and GTP level between HIV pre-treatment and post-treatment group. Meanwhile, the energy balance was lower (P<0.05) in HIV groups compared with control group. However, the energy balance in HIV post-treatment group was significantly lower (P<0.05) compared to HIV pre- treatment group. In conclusion, the significant changes in the biochemical parameters measured suggest altered metabolism, increased energy expenditure and energy deficit/negative energy balance in HIV subjects resulting from increased energy expenditure. Hence, High energy molecules such ATP, ADP, GTP and AMP can be used to predict early energy deficit and manage energy imbalance in HIV infected individuals.

Transfusion Therapy in HIV: Risk Mitigation and Benefits for Improved Patient Outcomes

“…Understanding the intricate interplay between HIV pathogenesis and hematologic manifestations is pivotal for tailoring appropriate transfusion strategies. [33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] Despite advancements in blood safety, the risk of Transfusion-Transmitted Infections (TTIs) remains a concern in HIV patients requiring transfusions. 43 Addressing the risk of acquiring infections such as Hepatitis B and C, as well as other blood-borne pathogens, necessitates ongoing vigilance and adherence to stringent blood screening protocols.…”

Current trends in the laboratory diagnosis of schistosomiasis infection

“…As evidenced by Wichmann et al, the high potential of both S. haematobium and S. mansoni PCR assays is linked to the high repetition of the multicopy targeted genes, accounting for 12-15% of the whole Schistosoma genome. PCR can also be used to investigate the association between schistosomiasis in women and the increased susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81]. SEROLOGY Compared with microscopy, serology provides a sensitive tool for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis, especially for infections with low intensity In the human host, antibodies against the four lifecycle stages of s. haematobium and the proteins associated with these stages e.g.…”

Combatting Stigma: Essential Steps in Halting HIV Spread

“…Its impact extends far beyond the medical realm, affecting individuals, communities, and public health initiatives. To effectively combat this phenomenon, it's imperative to delve into its multifaceted dimensions within the context of HIV/AIDS [32][33][34][35][36][37]. Enacted stigma, often the most visible form, manifests as discrimination, prejudice, or overt acts of hostility directed at individuals living with HIV/AIDS.…”