Use of anticonvulsants in small animals

Hh, Frey

doi:10.1136/vr.118.17.484

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…However, the severity of the withdrawal syndrome and the number of withdrawal signs markedly increased with longer duration of treatment and higher daily doses, which is consistent with previous observations in rats and baboons (Lukas & Griffiths, 1984;Wilson & Gallager, 1988). Interestingly, after precipitation of withdrawal symptoms by the benzodiazepine antagonist, no additional withdrawal signs were observed on the days after discontinuation of chronic diazepam treatment (after abrupt discontinuation of chronic benzodiazepine treatment in dogs, the withdrawal syndrome is most pronounced after 2-3 days; Scherkl & Frey, 1986), possibly indicating a 're-setting' of benzodiazepine receptors by the antagonist. Plasma level determinations in the dogs suggested that physical dependence on diazepam may have been related to the accumulation and actions of its major metabolite, Ndesmethyldiazepam, because levels of this compound reached during chronic treatment with diazepam were at least 15-20 times higher than those of the parent drug.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…As shown in the present study, levels of active benzodiazepines (i.e., diazepam plus active metabolites) after chronic treatment are at least 2 times higher than those determined after a single dose of diazepam. In cats, accumulation of diazepam and desmethyldiazepam is even more pronounced than in dogs, because elimination of these benzodiazepines is much slower in this species (the half-life of diazepam is about 15-20 h in cats compared to 2-5 h in dogs; Frey, 1986). Furthermore, in cats, in contrast to dogs and other species, no tolerance develops during chronic treatment with diazepam (administered at daily doses of 0.5-2mg kg-1, orally for up to several years; Frey, 1986) which could indicate that differences also exist in development of physical dependence between cats and other species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Physical dependence on diazepam in the dog: precipitation of different abstinence syndromes by the benzodiazepine receptor antagonists Ro 15–1788 and ZK 93426

Löscher

Hönack

1989

British J Pharmacology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical dependence on diazepam in the dog: precipitation of different abstinence syndromes by the benzodiazepine receptor antagonists Ro 15–1788 and ZK 93426

Löscher

Hönack

1989

British J Pharmacology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…These results are in contrast with those of previous studies, where the most frequent type of seizures reported were the generalized seizures, 2, [4][5][6][7][8]16,17 apparently without differentiation between primary and secondary generalized seizures. The distribution of seizure types observed in the present study is in accordance with the findings of 3 recent large surveys of seizure types in random groups of human patients.…”

Section: Seizure Typescontrasting

confidence: 56%

Epilepsy and Seizure Classification in 63 Dogs: A Reappraisal of Veterinary Epilepsy Terminology

Berendt

Gram

1999

Veterinary Internal Medicne

115

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The human definitions of epilepsy and seizure classification were applied rigidly to epileptic dogs to investigate whether the distribution of the seizure types and epilepsies of dogs is comparable to that of human beings. Sixty-three dogs were referred because of recurrent (Ͼ2) epileptic seizures. Only dogs without previous or ongoing antiepileptic treatment were included. All dogs had a physical and neurologic examination and blood work that included a CBC and a biochemical profile. All owners were asked to complete a questionnaire, focusing on seizure development. In addition, video recordings of suspected seizure episodes were analyzed if available. In the majority of dogs where an intracranial lesion was suspected, a computerized tomography scan was performed. Sixty-five percent of the dogs experienced partial seizures with or without secondary generalization and 32% exhibited primary generalized seizures; in 3% of the dogs the seizures could not be classified. Twenty-five percent of these cases were classified as idiopathic, 16% as symptomatic, and 45% as cryptogenic epilepsy; in 14% of these a classification was not possible. Applying human definitions, the distribution of seizure types and epilepsy classifications in these dogs differed widely from those in previous reports of canine epilepsy, where generalized seizures and idiopathic epilepsy were most frequently reported. However, our findings are consistent with the results of several large studies of human epilepsy patients. In dogs with epilepsy, closer attention must be given to the detection of a partial onset of seizures. In this study, detailed questioning of the owners and when possible analysis of video recorded seizures, proved to be sufficient for diagnosing seizures with a partial onset in a significant number of dogs. Partial onset of seizures may be an indication of underlying cerebral pathology. Some adjustments of veterinary epilepsy terminology are suggested.

show abstract

“…The half-life varies depending on the duration of PB therapy and prior administration of drugs capable of stimulating drug metabolizing enzyme systems, i.e., enzyme inducers, that would accelerate its d e g r a d a t i~n .~~ Mean half-lives of 52 to 53 hours (range, 37-73 hours) have been reported for mixed-breed dogs receiving chronic oral therapy.5'.s2 The half-life of PB in the cat is 34 to 43 hours. 53 Recommended daily starting dosages are 3 to 5 mg/kg for dogs26,53 and 1 to 3 mg/kg for cats,22 divided q 12 hours. Serum concentrations of 15 to 45 pg/ml are considered therapeutic in dogs.26 Dosage adjustments should be based on trough or postictal serum concentrations.…”

Section: Journal Of Veterinarymentioning

confidence: 99%

Medical Management of Recurrent Seizures in Dogs and Cats

Lane

Bunch

1990

Veterinary Internal Medicne

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The problem o€ recurrent seizures is a common and challenging one in veterinary medical practice. The pathophysiology and pharmacologic suppression of focal seizure activity have been studied extensively in basic research settings, yet little is known of the genesis, modulation, and termination of generalized seizures, the most common form of seizures noted to occur in companion animals. Knowledge concerning the pharmacokinetic fate of anticonvulsant drugs currently used in veterinary medicine is adequate, though prospective clinical studies of the efficacy of these drugs in the treatment of various types of seizures are lacking. This study will review the available literature regarding the pharmacology, use, and side effects of anticonvulsant drugs currently available for control of recurrent seizures in companion animals. Alternative anticonvulsant drugs will also be described. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1990; 4:26-39) Pathophysiology of Seizure Generation SEIZURES are the clinical manifestation of rapid, excessive electrical discharge of neurons in the brain. Seizures may be classified by site of origin as primary (idiopathic, genetic) or secondary (acquired, symptomatic). The term epilepsy refers to recurrent seizures of intracranial origin. How seizure activity is expressed clinically, whether as localized or geneFalized motor or nonmotor (psychic, autonomic) activity, may determine the group of anticonvulsant drugs that would be appropriate for therapy, especially in human patients.In the normal resting state, the electrical difference across neuronal cell membranes is maintained by an active sodium-potassium pump, the net effect of which results in a resting membrane potential ( R M P ) of -70mV.' Transmission of changes in the RMP along axons ultimately causes release of a neurotransmitter with either excitatory or inhibitory effects on a network of postsynaptic neurons that includes adjacent and distant cells. A collateral feedback system allows each neuron to also influence its own excitability. Excitability is mediated by energy-dependent influx of sodium into

show abstract

Use of anticonvulsants in small animals

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Physical dependence on diazepam in the dog: precipitation of different abstinence syndromes by the benzodiazepine receptor antagonists Ro 15–1788 and ZK 93426

Physical dependence on diazepam in the dog: precipitation of different abstinence syndromes by the benzodiazepine receptor antagonists Ro 15–1788 and ZK 93426

Epilepsy and Seizure Classification in 63 Dogs: A Reappraisal of Veterinary Epilepsy Terminology

Medical Management of Recurrent Seizures in Dogs and Cats

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About