Use of Androgen Antagonists and Antiandrogens in Studies on Sex Differentiation

Jost, A

doi:10.1159/000301861

Cited by 18 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The indifferent stage of genital development ends after approximately 8–9 weeks of gestation when wholemount analysis reveals the first macroscopic signs of divergent male and female differential development. This is best seen in Figure 2 where the presence or absence of testosterone and Müllerian inhibiting substance synthesized in the fetal testis initiates male and female differentiation (Behringer et al, 1994; Jost, 1971; 1972). In males, prostatic buds appear at ~10 weeks of gestation (Cunha et al, 2018b), the Wolffian ducts are stabilized and the Müllerian ducts regress.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Macroscopic whole-mounts of the developing human fetal urogenital-genital tract: Indifferent stage to male and female differentiation

et al. 2018

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We present a detailed review of fetal development of the male and female human urogenital tract from 8 to 22 weeks gestation at the macroscopic and morphometric levels. Human fetal specimens were sexed based on macroscopic identification of fetal testes or ovaries, Wolffian or Müllerian structures and the presence of the SRY gene in the specimens at or near the indifferent stage (8-9 weeks). Specimens were photographed using a dissecting microscope with transmitted and reflected light. Morphometric measurements were taken of each urogenital organ. During this time period, development of the male and female urogenital tracts proceeded from the indifferent stage to differentiated organs. The kidneys, ureters, and bladder developed identically, irrespective of sex with the same physical dimensions and morphologic appearance. The penis, prostate and testis developed in males and the clitoris, uterus and ovary in females. Androgen-dependent growth certainly influenced size and morphology of the penile urethra and prostate, however, androgen-independent growth also accounted for substantial growth in the fetal urogenital tract including the clitoris.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Macroscopic whole-mounts of the developing human fetal urogenital-genital tract: Indifferent stage to male and female differentiation

et al. 2018

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“…Rats and rabbits show a similar growth of gubernacular cones. The animals differ, however, with respect to the completeness (rabbits more than rats) with which development of the androgen-dependent Wolffian duct derivatives can be prevented through anti-androgen (Jost, 1971172).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perinatal development of gubernacular cones in rats and rabbits: Effect of exposure to anti‐androgens

Schoot

Elger²

1993

Anat. Rec.

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In male rats gubernacular cones develop during the latter half of prenatal life. Inversion of these papilla-like organs after birth is the first step to postnatal growth of the muscular cremaster sacs. The factors regulating prenatal growth and differentiation or postnatal inversion of these gubernacular cones are unknown. The lack of a detailed and unequivocal description of the normal gubernacular cone growth is judged at least partially responsible for this ignorance. The present study therefore describes the normal development of the gubernacular cones in male and female rats from day 14 of fetal life. Androgens are hypothesized to control male gubernacular cone development but recent evidence throws doubt upon this proposal. Therefore, the second part of this study describes perinatal development of gubernacular cones in male rat foetuses exposed to the anti-androgen flutamide from day 10 after conception. Quantitatively normal growth occurred prior to birth, indicating no role of androgen in this process. Excessive growth in length was noticed during the neonatal period together with delay of gubernacular cone inversion. These developmental alterations did not represent direct anti-androgen-induced modifications of gubernacular cones development as the alterations were not observed in flutamide-exposed neonatally castrated animals. Failure of androgens to affect directly perinatal gubernacular cone growth could represent a rat-specific feature. Fetal rabbits show the development of similar structures during the second half of fetal life.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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“…On the other hand, AMH signals the prenatal regression of the Müllerian ducts in the fetus. AMH and testosterone act synergistically to suppress the development of Müllerian ducts and promote the development of Wolffian ducts in male embryos, whereas in the absence of these two hormones the Müllerian ducts develop into female genitalia [ 17 , 18 ]. Our study confirmed a correlation between the prevalence of Müllerian duct anomalies due to abnormal organogenesis of the uterus and high AMH levels in patients with PCOS, inferring that the association between PCOS and some types of Müllerian duct anomalies, such as unicornuate uterus, could be explained by certain developmental defects that contribute to both PCOS and Müllerian duct anomalies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Müllerian Duct Anomalies and Anti-Müllerian Hormone Levels in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Yang,

Zhang,

et al. 2023

Cureus

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Background: Significant associations between the presence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and uterine anomalies have been reported. It is unclear whether high anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels coexist with the development of uterine malformations in women with PCOS. This study sought to investigate the association between Müllerian duct anomalies and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels in women with PCOS. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, the records of 1,391 women with PCOS were analyzed. The cohort was divided into a low-AMH group (n = 700) and a high-AMH group (n = 691), based on an AMH cutoff value of 8.45 ng/ml. Müllerian duct anomalies were classified into four subtypes based on three-dimensional ultrasonography: septate uterus, bicornuate uterus, uterus didelphys, unicornuate uterus, and arcuate uterus. The primary outcome was the overall incidence of Müllerian duct anomalies. The secondary outcome was the prevalence of the abovementioned specific types of Müllerian duct anomalies. The prevalence of Müllerian duct anomalies was analyzed using the chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test. Results: Among the patients with PCOS, the prevalence of unicornuate uterus anomalies was higher in the high-AMH group than in the low-AMH group (1.0% vs. 0.1%, P = 0.04). No statistically significant difference in the overall incidence of uterine malformations was found between the two AMH groups (4.3% vs. 5.7%, P = 0.22). Conclusions: Our study confirmed a higher prevalence of unicornuate uterus in PCOS women with high AMH levels. Clinicians might decide to investigate the possibility of a unicornuate uterus in PCOS women with high AMH levels.

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Use of Androgen Antagonists and Antiandrogens in Studies on Sex Differentiation

Cited by 18 publications

References 25 publications

Macroscopic whole-mounts of the developing human fetal urogenital-genital tract: Indifferent stage to male and female differentiation

Macroscopic whole-mounts of the developing human fetal urogenital-genital tract: Indifferent stage to male and female differentiation

Perinatal development of gubernacular cones in rats and rabbits: Effect of exposure to anti‐androgens

Müllerian Duct Anomalies and Anti-Müllerian Hormone Levels in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

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