Use of anabolic‐androgenic steroids among body builders — frequency and attitudes

Lindström, Mikael S.; Nilsson, Anders; Katzman, Per; Janzon, Lars; Dymling, John‐Fredrik

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.1990.tb00179.x

Cited by 58 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…However, this group does represent a group likely to continue AAS use and is thus adequate for a preliminary model of continued AAS use. Furthermore, the demographics of the current sample are similar to other general descriptive or comparative studies of male AAS use in terms of age, race or ethnicity, and educational level (Copeland et al, 2000;Evans, 1997;Lindstrom, Nilsson, Katzman, Janzon, & Dymling, 1990;Porcerelli & Sandler, 1995;Tricker et al, 1989;Wagman, Curry, & Cook, 1995;Yesalis et al, 1988), suggesting that the current sample is similar to those recruited through more traditional methods such as paper advertisements or recruitment from various weight lifting competitions and facilities.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Predicting intentions for long-term anabolic-androgenic steroid use among men: A covariance structure model.

Hildebrandt¹,

Langenbucher²,

Carr³

et al. 2006

Psychology of Addictive Behaviors

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Long-term use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) is associated with both positive and negative effects. The authors examined possible mechanisms by which these effects contribute to AAS satisfaction and predict intentions for future AAS use. Five hundred male AAS users completed an interactive Web-based instrument assessing the psychological and physical effects of AAS use. Covariance structure modeling was used to evaluate both direct and indirect effects of AAS consequences on satisfaction with AASs and intentions for future AAS use. Results suggest that gain in muscle mass and psychological benefits from AAS use uniquely contributed to both AAS satisfaction and intentions for future use. Side effects from AAS use also uniquely contributed to AAS satisfaction, but ancillary drug use was found to partially mediate this relationship, suggesting that the satisfaction of experienced AAS users is enhanced by their mastery of side effects through the use of ancillary drugs. The final model explained 29% of the variance in intentions for future AAS use. Mechanisms for sustained AAS use and implications for intervention and prevention strategies are discussed.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Predicting intentions for long-term anabolic-androgenic steroid use among men: A covariance structure model.

Hildebrandt¹,

Langenbucher²,

Carr³

et al. 2006

Psychology of Addictive Behaviors

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“…However, during the 1990s teenage boys have started using these drugs to improve their appearance [4,8], behaviour which has nothing to do with sports. Furthermore we know that androgenic anabolic steroids are associated with gymnastics and are used by many bodybuilders [9]. As a sports traumatologist, I have frequently met desperate young girls, who have had a relationship with a boy, whose character suddenly underwent a total change.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Androgenic anabolic steroid use among male adolescents in Falkenberg

Nilsson

1995

Eur J Clin Pharmacol

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Recent reports show that androgenic anabolic steroids are used by many teenagers, not as a deliberate attempt to give them strength, better athletic performance, etc., but to improve their looks. The so-called macho cult among young boys tempts them into using androgenic anabolic steroids to give them bigger muscles and a more powerful appearance. This study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of androgenic anabolic steroid use among teenagers in a small town and to create a platform for future work with the aim of decreasing the misuse of these drugs. In Falkenberg, a town in the county of Halland in the west of Sweden, the pupils at two high schools were investigated by means of an anonymous multiple-choice questionnaire. A total of 1383 students (688 males and 695 females) aged 14-19 years participated in the study, giving a participation rate of 96%. The number of answers completed was 99%. The use of androgenic anabolic steroids is a reality among male teenagers in Falkenberg, with 5.8% of them using the drugs. Among 15- to 16-year-old boys misuse of these drugs is as high as 10%, and of these 50% (5.0% of total) also inject ampoules of the drugs. This prevalence is alarming since the adverse effects of androgenic anabolic steroids are more serious in teenagers. Serious action must be taken to inform teenagers of the consequences of misusing drugs.

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“…One study of bodybuilders in Sweden found that 75% of competitive bodybuilders and 24% who engaged in bodybuilding solely to improve their sense of well-being used AASs. 2 The endocrine effects of AAS abuse are well established and commonly include testicular atrophy, decreased fertility, and gynecomastia. 3 Additional adverse effects associated with AASs include changes in blood lipid levels (increase in LDL and decrease in HDL), 4 various forms of hepatotoxicity, 5 and neuropsychiatric disturbances.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis after Anabolic Steroid Abuse

Herlitz¹,

Markowitz²,

Farris³

et al. 2010

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

156

108

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Anabolic steroid abuse adversely affects the endocrine system, blood lipids, and the liver, but renal injury has not been described. We identified an association of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and proteinuria in a cohort of 10 bodybuilders (six white and four Hispanic; mean body mass index 34.7) after long-term abuse of anabolic steroids. The clinical presentation included proteinuria (mean 10.1 g/d; range 1.3 to 26.3 g/d) and renal insufficiency (mean serum creatinine 3.0 mg/dl; range 1.3 to 7.8 mg/dl); three (30%) patients presented with nephrotic syndrome. Renal biopsy revealed FSGS in nine patients, four of whom also had glomerulomegaly, and glomerulomegaly alone in one patient. Three biopsies revealed collapsing lesions of FSGS, four had perihilar lesions, and seven showed Ն40% tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis. Among eight patients with mean follow-up of 2.2 yr, one progressed to ESRD, the other seven received renin-angiotensin system blockade, and one also received corticosteroids. All seven patients discontinued anabolic steroids, leading to weight loss, stabilization or improvement in serum creatinine, and a reduction in proteinuria. One patient resumed anabolic steroid abuse and suffered relapse of proteinuria and renal insufficiency. We hypothesize that secondary FSGS results from a combination of postadaptive glomerular changes driven by increased lean body mass and potential direct nephrotoxic effects of anabolic steroids. Because of the expected rise in serum creatinine as a result of increased muscle mass in bodybuilders, this complication is likely underrecognized. INDEX CASEThe index case (patient 1) is a 30-yr-old white male professional bodybuilder who had no significant medical history and presented to a local hospital with lower extremity edema. The patient was on no prescription medications, but as part of his bodybuilding regimen, he regularly consumed a highprotein diet (Ͼ550 g/d) and dietary supplements including 10 g/d creatine monohydrate, 1000 mg/d branched-chain amino acids, 10 g/d glutamine, and multivitamins. For more than a decade, he regularly used anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs), including injectable testosterone, methyl-1-testosterone (taken orally), growth hormone, and insulin to augment his bodybuilding. At the time of biopsy, his steroid regimen consisted of growth hormone 4 IU 5 d/wk and testosterone 500 mg intramuscularly twice weekly. In addition, he took 75 mg of ephedrine and 600 mg of caffeine before each workout session.Physical examination revealed a height of 71 inches (180 cm), a weight of 295 pounds (134 kg extremely muscular, highly toned physique (Figure 1). BP was 145/80 mmHg, and there was 2ϩ bilateral lower extremity edema. The patient was found to have a serum creatinine of 2.7 mg/dl, blood urea nitrogen of 24 mg/dl, serum albumin of 1.9 g/dl, total serum protein of 5.7 g/dl, serum cholesterol of 212 mg/dl, hematocrit of 45%, and white blood cell count of 10.3 ϫ 10 9 /L with a normal differential and platelet count of 254 ϫ...

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Use of anabolic‐androgenic steroids among body builders — frequency and attitudes

Cited by 58 publications

References 2 publications

Predicting intentions for long-term anabolic-androgenic steroid use among men: A covariance structure model.

Predicting intentions for long-term anabolic-androgenic steroid use among men: A covariance structure model.

Androgenic anabolic steroid use among male adolescents in Falkenberg

Development of Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis after Anabolic Steroid Abuse

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