Use of Ammonia for Heat, Power and Propulsion

Vries, Niels de; Okafor, Ekenechukwu C.; Gutesa-Bozo, M.; Xiao, Hansong; Valera‐Medina, Agustin

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820560-0.00006-0

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 134 publications

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“…Faced with increasingly strict emission standards and severe energy crises, the use of diesel high-pressure common rail systems and clean alternative fuels has become increasingly important [2,3] . Low carbon fuel methanol and zero carbon fuel liquid ammonia are considered ideal clean alternative fuels for diesel due to their advantages of low emission pollution, easy storage and transportation [4,5] . In addition, during the high-pressure injection process of diesel engines, the flow inside the nozzle plays an important role in near-field atomization, thereby affecting combustion and emission characteristics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Study on Cavitation Characteristics of Different Fuels Considering Thermal Effect in Injector Nozzle

Duan,

An,

Sun

et al. 2024

Preprint

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At present, facing the dual problems of world energy crisis and carbon emission pollution, the cavitation phenomenon formed in the nozzle due to the high pressure difference and whether the physical property difference of clean alternative fuels methanol and ammonia can be successfully applied and replace the traditional fuel has become the focus of current research. In this paper, the Schnerr-Sauer cavitation model considering the thermal effect of cavitation and the physical property parameters of fuel varying with temperature and pressure are embedded into the CFD software, and the cavitation characteristics of diesel, methanol and ammonia inside the nozzle are studied and compared. The results show that the influence of cavitation heat effect on diesel, methanol, and ammonia in the nozzle increases sequentially, manifested by the increase in the degree of cavitation in the nozzle; When the cavitation number is approximately 1.3 and 1.1, the fuel exhibits cavitation inception and supercavitation phenomena, respectively; The net temperature effect of fuel varies under different injection pressures, with diesel and methanol having a more significant heating effect in the nozzle flow, while ammonia has a more significant cooling effect when the injection pressure is less than 14MPa.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Study on Cavitation Characteristics of Different Fuels Considering Thermal Effect in Injector Nozzle

Duan,

An,

Sun

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…In contrast to hydrogen, NH 3 energy boasts a well-established global infrastructure, a complete industrial chain for production, transportation, storage, and terminal applications, and favorable physical properties such as higher energy density [17]. These advantages position NH 3 as a promising alternative to fossil fuels, with green NH 3 production technologies further enhancing its appeal as a sustainable decarbonization fuel [18][19][20]. Moreover, NH 3 exhibits superior safety compared to methane (CH 4 ), hydrogen, liquefied petroleum gas, methanol, and gasoline [17,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of NH3 Fuel in Power Equipment and Its Impact on NOx Emissions

Hu,

Liu,

et al. 2024

Energies

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Due to high greenhouse gas emissions, countries worldwide are stepping up their emission reduction efforts, and the global demand for new, carbon-free fuels is growing. Ammonia (NH3) fuels are popular due to their high production volume, high energy efficiency, ease of storage and transportation, and increased application in power equipment. However, their physical characteristics (e.g., unstable combustion, slow flame speed, and difficult ignition) limit their use in power equipment. Based on the structural properties of the power equipment, NH3 fuel application and emissions characteristics were analyzed in detail. Combustion of NH3 fuels and reduction measures for NOx emissions (spark plug ignition, compression ignition, and gas turbines) were analyzed from various aspects of operating conditions (e.g., mixed fuel, fuel-to-exhaust ratio, and equivalence ratio), structure and strategy (e.g., number of spark plugs, compression ratio (CR), fuel injection, and ignition mode), and auxiliary combustion techniques (e.g., preheating, humidification, exhaust gas recirculation, and secondary air supply). The performance of various NH3 fuel cell (FC) types was analyzed, with a focus on the maximum power achievable for different electrolyte systems. Additionally, the application and NOx emissions of indirect NH3 FCs were evaluated under flame and catalytic combustion conditions. The system efficiency of providing heat sources by burning pure NH3, anode tail gas, and NH3 decomposition gas was also compared. Based on a comprehensive literature review, the key factors influencing the performance and emissions of NH3-powered equipment were identified. The challenges and limitations of NH3-powered equipment were summarized, and potential strategies for improving efficiency and reducing emissions were proposed. These findings provide valuable insights for the future development and application of NH3 FCs.

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“…Researchers on engine development and power engineering have been exerting considerable effort to replace fossil fuels [1][2][3]. Liquid ammonia is an ideal fuel to achieve zero carbon emissions for internal combustion engines and other power applications because ammonia does not contain any carbon and is easy to store and transport [4][5][6]. Moreover, ammonia can be synthesized using hydrogen, which can be produced using renewable energy sources [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar to liquid propane and LPG, liquid ammonia has come into view in recent years. Owing to its high ignition temperature (651 • C) and narrow flammable limit (15% to 28%) [6], most studies on high-pressure liquid ammonia injection are within the field of dual fuel combustion. Scharl and Sattelmayer used a pilot diesel flame to ignite a high-pressure liquid ammonia spray up to 53 MPa [35].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Investigation of High-Pressure Liquid Ammonia Injection under Non-Flash Boiling and Flash Boiling Conditions

Fang

Zhang

et al. 2023

Energies

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Liquid ammonia is an ideal zero-carbon fuel for internal combustion engines. High-pressure injection is a key technology in organizing ammonia combustion. Characteristics of high-pressure liquid ammonia injection is lack of research. Spray behaviors are likely to change when a high-pressure diesel injector uses liquid ammonia as its fuel. This study uses high-speed imaging with a DBI method to investigate the liquid penetration, width, and spray tip velocity of high-pressure liquid ammonia injection up to 100 MPa. Non-flash and flash boiling conditions were included in the experimental conditions. Simulation was also used to evaluate the results. In non-flash boiling conditions, the Hiroyasu model provided better accuracy than the Siebers model. In flash boiling conditions, a phenomenon was found that liquid penetration and spray tip velocity were strongly suppressed in the initial stage of the injection process, this being the “spray resistance phenomenon”. The “spray resistance phenomenon” was observed when ambient pressure was below 0.7 MPa during 0–0.05 ms ASOI and was highly related to the superheated degree. The shape of near-nozzle sprays abruptly changed at 0.05 ms ASOI, indicating that strong cavitation inside the nozzle caused by needle lift effects is the key reason for the “spray resistance phenomenon”.

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Use of Ammonia for Heat, Power and Propulsion

Cited by 12 publications

References 134 publications

Comparative Study on Cavitation Characteristics of Different Fuels Considering Thermal Effect in Injector Nozzle

Comparative Study on Cavitation Characteristics of Different Fuels Considering Thermal Effect in Injector Nozzle

Application of NH3 Fuel in Power Equipment and Its Impact on NOx Emissions

Experimental Investigation of High-Pressure Liquid Ammonia Injection under Non-Flash Boiling and Flash Boiling Conditions

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