Use of activated Chromolaena odorata biomass for the removal of crystal violet from aqueous solution: kinetic, equilibrium, and thermodynamic study

Abstract

In the present study, biomass from the Chromolaena odorata plant's stem was activated using sulfuric acid to absorb crystal violet (CV) dye. The adsorption operation of CV dye was studied considering the effect of variables like pH, initial dye concentration, time, adsorbent dosage, and temperature. The pseudo-second-order equation best tted the kinetic study, and thermodynamic parameters calculated were activation energy (9.56 kJ/mol), change in Gibbs energy (81.43 to 96.7 kJ/mol), enthalpy change (6.89 kJ/mol), and entropy change [-254.4 J/ (mol K)]. Response surface methodology (RSM) estimated at pH (4.902), adsorbent dosage (8.33 g/L), dye concentration (82.30 ppm), temperature (300.13 K) dye removal of 97.53% is possible. FTIR, SEM, XRD, BJH, and BET con rmed adsorption operation. The adsorbent can be reused for 5 cycles effectively. Langmuir isotherm best tted the adsorption operation was used for designing a theoretical single-stage batch adsorber for large-scale operation. IntroductionMauveine was the rst synthetic dye invented in 1856; since various synthetic dyes were created, the use and development of other synthetic dyes in textile industries have continuously increased. Synthetic dye meets nearly 65-70% of the dyeing industry's needs. They possess a large variant of color available at a relatively low price than natural dye and could colorize the target molecules easily with greater stability (Zhang et al. 2016b). Around 700,000 metric tons of pigments and dye are produced from over 10,000 types of dyes each year (Sahu &Patel 2016). Dyes are primarily organic and toxic. Dye pollutants from industry nd their way to natural water bodies that pose a severe threat to both humans and the environment (Zhao et al. 2017). The dye-rich wastewater hinders the growth of aquatic life by re ecting and absorbing the sunlight needed for photosynthesis needed by the underwater plant; thus, the presence of underwater ora and fauna is affected. This raises the serious issue of treating the dye e uent before discharging into the water source (Amri et al. 2018, Intarasuwan et al. 2017.Water is a important component as all the living organism on earth needs water for their daily vital activities. With the growth of population and urbanization, the need for water gets intensi ed. However, the various man-made activity allows the pollutants like dye molecules making their way into natural water bodies, rendering the water dangerous for consumption. The polluted water bodies deeply affect the health of humans and many other living organisms consuming it. Thus, it becomes essential to treat water in a large quantity, with the fast and straightforward process to make it safe for consumption of not only humans but also to the other living organism living amongst us (Ali 2012, Bolisetty et al. 2019, Zhang et al. 2016a).Crystal violet (CV) is a synthetic dye of triarylmethane dyes commonly employed in the textile and paper industry. The CV dye is mutagenic, teratogenic, and suspected carcinogen biohazards dye with a long half-l...

Ecological insights and environmental threats of invasive alien plant Chromolaena odorata: Prospects for sustainable management

“…An integrated technique of soil solarization and C. odorata based phytoremediation was observed to be effective in treating recalcitrant polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (Futughe et al, 2023). Sulfuric acid activated biomass of C. odorata was found effective in the remediation of crystal violet, an integral component of dye pollution (Soosai et al, 2023). The studies on environmental remediation through biomass of C. odorata are still in the state of infancy and requires further investigation.…”