Use of a Zwitterionic Surfactant to Improve the Biofunctional Properties of Wool Dyed with an Onion (Allium cepa L.) Skin Extract

Abstract

To improve the loadability and antioxidant properties of wool impregnated with onion skin extract, the introduction of SB3-14 surfactant in the dyeing process was evaluated. A preliminary investigation on the surfactant–quercetin interaction indicated that the optimal conditions for dye solubility, stability, and surfactant affinity require double-distilled water (pH = 5.5) as a medium and SB3-14 in a concentration above the c.m.c. (2.5 × 10−3 M). The absorption profile of textiles showed the flavonoid absorption band (390 nm) and a bathochromic feature (510 nm), suggesting flavonoid aggregates. The higher absorbance for the sample dyed with SB3-14 indicated greater dye uptake, which was further confirmed by HPLC analysis. The Folin–Ciocalteu method was applied to evaluate the total phenol content (TPC) released from the treated wool, while the assays FRAP, DPPH, ABTS, and ORAC were applied to evaluate the corresponding total antioxidant activity (TAC). Higher TPCs (about 20%) and TACs (5–55%) were measured with SB3-14, highlighting textiles with improved biofunctional properties. Spectrophotometric analyses were also performed with an artificial sweat. The potential cytotoxic effect of SB3-14 in both monomeric and aggregated forms, cell viability, and induction of apoptosis were evaluated in RAW 264.7 cells. These analyses revealed that SB3-14 is safe at concentrations below the c.m.c.

A Critical Review of the Use of Surfactant-Coated Nanoparticles in Nanomedicine and Food Nanotechnology

“… 13 Zwitterionic surfactant (3-[N,N-dimethyltetradecylammonio]propane-1-sulfonate [SB3-14] [Figure 1]) enhanced the loadability of natural flavonoid dye (quercetin) in wool and enhanced its antioxidant properties ( Figure 1 ). 14 Nonionic surfactants have non-dissociable chemical structures in their hydrophilic groups, such as amides, alcohols, esters, ethers, or phenols. They are used in cosmetics, as food emulsifiers, and skin cleansers due to low irritation and toxicity, which are the most important advantages associated with their application in nanomedicine and food nanotechnology.…”

“… [ 384 ] Investigation of the mechanism of tissue distribution Polysorbate 80 PLGA 259 ± 62 nm β-carotene Male Sprague Dawley rats (12 weeks of age, 410–580 g body weight, intravenous administration) Polysorbate 80 coated PLGA nanoparticles containing β-carotene accumulated in lung, rather than brain. [ 176 ] Poloxamers (184, 188, 407,338), poloxamine 908, polysorbates (20, 60, 80), brij 35 Poly (methyl methacrylate) 14 C labeled 131 ± 30 nm Male and female Wistar rats (180–200 g body weight, intravenous administration) In all the groups of surfactants used in the study, the coating of surfactants on the nanoparticles reduced their accumulation in the liver. And they were found to increase uptake into other organs in the body, including the heart, gastrointestinal tract, ovaries, kidneys, muscles and brain.…”

Effective and Selective Extraction of Quercetin from Onion (Allium cepa L.) Skin Waste Using Water Dilutions of Acid-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents

“…Recent literature reports that the annual European production of onion waste is around 500,000 tons, especially in major producing countries such as Spain, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom [ 56 ]. Onion skin, the most highly abundant waste material derived from onion processing, represents a reservoir of molecules endowed with valuable biofunctional properties [ 57 , 58 ]. Within the (phyto)complex, quercetin and in its glycosylated forms occupy a prominent position in this regard [ 59 , 60 ].…”

Antioxidant Power on Dermal Cells by Textiles Dyed with an Onion (Allium cepa L.) Skin Extract

“…In this scenario, extracts derived from onion skin represent a rich source of colored bioactive compounds to be used for the sustainable production of colored textiles also endowed with specific health-promoting properties on human skin [ 5 , 7 ]. These smart materials are usually referred to either as biofunctional textiles or cosmeto-textiles [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. Taking advantage of the slow and continuous release of bioactive molecules to human skin through the direct contact with the epidermal tissue [ 12 , 13 , 14 ], these kinds of materials are increasingly gaining the interest of the scientific community as an innovative vehicle for the local treatment of skin diseases.…”

“…Besides their traditional use as coloring agents, natural dyes are gaining popularity for the numerous functional properties which are capable of imparting a fibrous substrate. Moreover, these colored phytocomplexes are particularly suitable for the production of biofunctional textiles because of their low toxicity, high biocompatibility, and biodegradability combined with their minimum environmental impact [ 5 , 8 , 10 ].…”