Use of a Three-Dimensional Virtual Reality Model for Preoperative Imaging in DIEP Flap Breast Reconstruction

Development of a three-dimensional hand model using 3D stereophotogrammetry: Evaluation of landmark reproducibility

“…27,28,49,50 As 3D photography produces highly accurate images and reconstructions of the human body, these models support the comprehension of spatial anatomy in diagnostic and surgical interventions. 10,28,50,51 In conclusion, this study shows that 3D stereophotogrammetry produces accurate and reproducible 3D images of the hand. This proves 3D photography, in this stage, to be a reliable method for soft tissue analysis.…”

“…6,10,41 With this study, we describe the first step in developing a 3D imaging technique of both soft and bony tissues, by combining the 3D image with CT scan data.…”

Computed Tomographic Angiography with VirSSPA Three-Dimensional Software for Perforator Navigation Improves Perioperative Outcomes in DIEP Flap Breast Reconstruction

“…6 This could permit making firm preoperative decisions as to which side the flap will be pedicled on, whether we should raise a muscle-sparing transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap in patients with small perforators, or when there is a long intramuscular course. Besides, it allows us to determine the exact location and caliber of the superficial epigastric system, which is important in planning a superficial inferior epigastric artery perforator flap or as an alternative venous drainage system to solve complications in a DIEP flap.…”

“…Although it can be used for a wide range of reconstructive procedures, 5 VirSSPA software has been shown to be highly accurate in demonstrating the intramuscular, subfascial, and subcutaneous segments of individual DIEA perforators, with a reported average error rate of 0.23 cm from the real distances measured intraoperatively. 6 Despite the accuracy and potential benefits of VirSSPA software, improvements in operative outcomes have not been formally demonstrated.…”

Structured Light Scanning to Evaluate Three-Dimensional Anthropometry in HIV Facial Lipoatrophy

“…The models were thereafter incorporated into the virtual reality environment using an original set of the modular software programming tools called VirSSPA, developed in our hospital by a multidisciplinary team composed by specialists in simulation and virtual reality applications development and by medical doctors. 10 The models were programmed to run on a personal computer and be displayed on a high-resolution monitor (Figure 2). …”