Use of a systems approach and evidence‐based One Health for zoonoses research

Abstract

The World Health Organization estimates that 25% of the 57 million annual deaths that occur globally are caused by microbes. A study reported 1415 species of infectious organisms are known to be pathogenic to humans. Zoonoses constitute 61% of all known infectious diseases, with humans serving as the primary reservoir for only 3% of them. Of the 175 infectious species considered to be emerging, 75% are zoonotic. Zoonotic diseases and their impact on human and animal health are not monitored, prevented, and treated in an integrated way, despite the fact that etiologies and treatments are similar across species. The efficacy and resistance of a drug in one species has a bearing on others, in the context of zoonoses. Further, an RCT involving many species is effective in a natural setting, is robust, and may require fewer human volunteers. One Health is based on a systems approach and a collaborative effort of multiple disciplines -working locally, nationally, and globally -to attain optimal health for people, animals, and the environment. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses have so far been independent and discipline oriented. Pooling of results for diagnostic test accuracies and treatment effects of drugs for zoonoses across species has to be done, since the results of preclinical trials emanate from laboratory animals. The Cochrane Collaboration is the platform of choice to initiate a new group on zoonoses to carry out systematic meta-analyses of diagnostic tests and drug efficacies without bias, thus underpinning the systems approach and One Health.

One health collaboration for a resilient health system in India: Learnings from global initiatives

“…Systematic reviews and meta-analyses have so far been independent and discipline oriented. Therefore research initiatives from the viewpoint of One Health need to be promoted [ 89 ], which is already in place in South East Asia [ 60 ]. Evidence-based decision-making and transformation of observations into narratives detailing how situations emerge and might unfold in the future can be achieved by system thinking or participatory epidemiology research [ 59 , 90 ].…”

One Health: perspectives on ethical issues and evidence from animal experiments

“…A recent commentary published in the Journal of Evidence-based Medicine proposed that the Cochrane Collaboration should consider registering a new group dedicated to conducting systematic reviews on zoonotic diseases thus underpinning the systems approach and One Health [12].…”

Prevention and control of zoonoses at their source: from the Chinese perspective

“…The destruction of wildlife habitats disrupts the food chain, forcing animals to migrate from the depths of the forest to the edge of the forest for food, which increases their risk of coming into contact with humans, domestic animals and insect vectors and promotes the emergence of new zoonoses. It has been estimated that 61% of 1415 confirmed human infectious diseases are zoonotic [54]. Of the 335 infectious diseases occurred between 1940 and 2004, 60.3% are of animal origin and 71.8% of these diseases first occurred in wild animals, including Hendra, highly pathogenic avian influenza, mad cow disease, monkeypox, Nipah, West Nile virus, SARS, and Type A influenza, most spread from animals to humans.…”