Use of a Sailplane to Measure Microphysical Effects of Silver Iodide Seeding in Cumulus Clouds

Dye, J. E.; Langer, Gerhard; Toutenhoofd, Vim; Cannon, Theodore W.; Knight, Charles

doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1976)015<0264:uoastm>2.0.co;2

Cited by 13 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Experiments that used a combination of the statistical and physical approaches are the Canadian studies by Isaac et al (1977Isaac et al ( , 1982 and English and Marwitz (1981), the WMO Precipitation Enhancement Project (WMO 1986;Vali et al 1988), the Australian experiments (Ryan and King 1997), the South African studies by Krauss et al (1987), and others (e.g., Dye et al 1976;Holroyd et al 1978;Sax et al 1979;Hobbs and Politovich 1980;Orville 1996).…”

Section: B Cold-cloud Seedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Cloud Seeding Experiments to Enhance Precipitation and Some New Prospects

Bruintjes

1999

Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.

235

118

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Water is one of the most basic commodities on earth sustaining human life. In many regions of the world, traditional sources and supplies of ground water, rivers and reservoirs, are either inadequate or under threat from ever-increasing demands on water from changes in land use and growing populations. This has prompted scientists and engineers to explore the possibility of augmenting water supplies by means of cloud seeding. This paper provides an overview of the current scientific status of weather modification activities to enhance precipitation for both glaciogenic and hygroscopic seeding experiments. It is important to emphasize that although funding for scientific studies has decreased substantially during the past decade, operational programs have actually increased. During the last 10 years there has been a thorough scrutiny of past experiments involving experiments using glaciogenic seeding. Although there still exist indications that seeding can increase precipitation, a number of recent studies have questioned many of the positive results, weakening the scientific credibility. As a result, considerable skepticism exists as to whether these methods provides a cost-effective means for increasing precipitation for water resources. Recent results from hygroscopic seeding experiments provided for some renewed optimism in the field of precipitation enhancement. Although promising results have been obtained to date, some fundamental questions remain that need to be answered in order to provide a sound scientific basis for this technology.

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Section: B Cold-cloud Seedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Cloud Seeding Experiments to Enhance Precipitation and Some New Prospects

Bruintjes

1999

Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.

235

118

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“…11a). 11b shows that the embedded convection regions with higher cloud tops (such as 0933 BT, 1009 BT) often contained more ice crystals than other regions, and high concentrations of ice crystals can facilitate the aggregation process (Cooper and Lawson 1984;Dye et al 1976;Holroyd and Jiusto 1971). Dendritic aggregate more easily than other crystal habits and can easily capture supercooled cloud droplets (Hashino and Tripoli 2011;Hobbs et al 1974).…”

Section: B the 1 May 2009 Casementioning

confidence: 99%

Ice Crystal Habits and Growth Processes in Stratiform Clouds with Embedded Convection Examined through Aircraft Observation in Northern China

Zhu

Guo

et al. 2015

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

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Ice crystal habits and growth processes in two cases of stratiform clouds with embedded convection are investigated using data observed simultaneously from three aircraft on 18 April 2009 and 1 May 2009 as part of the Beijing Cloud Experiment (BCE). The results show that the majority of ice crystal habits found in the two cases at temperatures between 08 and 2168C included platelike, needle column, capped column, dendrite, and irregular. A mixture of several ice crystal habits was identified in all of the clouds studied. However, the ice crystals recorded in the embedded convection regions contained more dendrites and possessed heavier riming degrees, and the ice crystals identified in the stratiform clouds contained more hexagonal plate crystals. Both riming and aggregation processes played central roles in the broadening of particle size distributions (PSDs), and these processes were more active in embedded convection regions than in stratiform regions. However, riming was more prevalent in the 18 April case than aggregation, though aggregates were evident. In contrast, the 1 May case had a more dominant aggregation processes, but also riming. With the decrease in height, PSDs broadened in both embedded convection regions and stratiform regions, but the broadening rates between 4.8 km (T ' 211.68C) and 4.2 km (T ' 288C) were larger than those between 4.2 km (T ' 288C) and 3.6 km (T ' 258C). In addition, the broadening rates of PSDs in the embedded convection regions were larger than those in the stratiform clouds, as the aggregation and riming processes of ice particles in embedded convection regions were active. High supercooled water content is critical to enhancing riming and aggregation processes in embedded convection regions.

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“…In January, 1978, the exhaust cloud from a static firing of a Shuttle solid rocket motor was sampled using a rotating filter device described by Dye et al (1976). G. Langer processed the filter and reported (personal communication) 40 IN ~-I active at -20°C.…”

Section: Field Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Will Space Shuttle Launch Clouds be an Important Source of Ice Nuclei?

Hindman

Finnegan

2012

JournalWeaMod

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Laboratory and field measurements demonstrate that combustion aerosol from solid rocket motor propellants contain ice nuclei. The measurements indicate an activity at -20°C of about 10^10 nuclei per gram of propellant. When this activity is applied to the 10^9 grams of propellant burned each space shuttle launch and the planned frequent launches are considered, shuttle launch clouds should be an important source of ice nuclei.

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Use of a Sailplane to Measure Microphysical Effects of Silver Iodide Seeding in Cumulus Clouds

Cited by 13 publications

References 15 publications

A Review of Cloud Seeding Experiments to Enhance Precipitation and Some New Prospects

A Review of Cloud Seeding Experiments to Enhance Precipitation and Some New Prospects

Ice Crystal Habits and Growth Processes in Stratiform Clouds with Embedded Convection Examined through Aircraft Observation in Northern China

Will Space Shuttle Launch Clouds be an Important Source of Ice Nuclei?

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