Use of a pupillometer to assess change in pupillary size post-cannabis

Impairment due to cannabis and ethanol: clinical signs and additive effects

“…There is more controversy about pupil diameter. Some groups have reported miosis [40,41], others no change in papillary size [42] and still others report dilated pupils [43,44]. We observed an increase in the number of suspects with dilated pupils at blood THC concentrations above 2.9 ng/ml.…”

Assessing changes in pupillary size in Rifian smokers of kif (Cannabis sativa L.)

“…5 Reported cannabis effects on pupil size have been controversial, ranging from reports of slight pupillary constriction after smoking 6 to variable responses in pupil size post cannabis at low or high dose. 7 Fant et al 8 reported that the pupillary light reflex decreased following active dose administration of cannabis and concluded as a new finding, that smoking acutely produced decrements in smooth pursuit eye tracking. In other studies, 9,10 authors noted that pupil diameter tend to decrease after cannabis exposure.…”

Long-Term Substance Use Can Cause Irreversible Photopic Vision Changes in Substance Use Disorder in Remission

“…This affect the pupil diameter due to the presence of both adrenergic and serotergic receptors in the retina, as well as the multiple complex pathways in the central nervous system [ 8 ]. It is known that sedatives, anesthetics, psychostimulants, as well as opioids and cannabinoids, have different effects on pupil diameter [ 9 - 11 ]. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), also known as the cannabis and marijuana, rapidly distributes from blood and can cause various effects on pupil size.…”