Use of a Laboratory Scale Test to Study Internal Diesel Injector Deposits

Lacey, Paul I.; Gaïl, Sandro; Grinstead, Douglas; Daveau, Christian; Caprotti, Rinaldo; Dallanegra, Romaeo; Pigeon, Didier

doi:10.4271/2016-01-2247

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 13 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In the positive ion data of the eight needles, Figure 19 and Table 4. it was observed that there were differences in the ions identified, these include a variety of hydrocarbons (m/z 57, 41 and 43), Na + , K + , Na2OH + and SiC3H9 + , these ions were not unexpected as they have previously been reported [35,54,59,47,73]. Needle 3 has the most sodium on the surface, compared to the other 7 needles, this can be observed in Figure 19, and the peaks at m/z 22.99 and m/z 62.98 are at higher intensities.…”

Section: Tof-sims/pca Analysis Field Samplesmentioning

confidence: 55%

Investigations of Diesel Injector Deposits Characterization and Testing

Barker¹,

Reid²,

Wilmot³

et al. 2020

SAE Technical Paper Series

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Over the last decade, there has been an impetus in the automobile industry to develop new diesel injector systems, driven by a desire to reduce fuel consumption and proscribed by the requirement to fulfil legislation emissions. The modern common-rail diesel injector system has been developed by the industry to fulfil these aspirations, designed with ever-higher tolerances pressures, which have led to concomitant increases in fuel temperatures after compression with reports of fuel temperatures of ~150°C at 1500-2500 bar. This engineering solution in combination with the introduction of Ultra Low Sulphur diesel fuel (ULSD) has been found to be highly sensitive to deposit formation both external injector deposits (EDID) and internal (IDID). The deposits have caused concerns for customers with poor spray patterns misfiring injector malfunction and failure producing increased fuel consumption and emissions. The importance to the industry of understanding the nature of diesel injector deposits has led to significant research in this area with a number of industry tests being developed. However, the introduction of new generation fuels e.g. hydrogenated vegetable Oil (HVO) and the reports of injector problems such as "abrasive particles" in Europe continue to stimulate investigation. The interest in characterizing diesel injector deposits has also seen a number of recent contributions being published. Many of these reports describe analyses that either consider only the surface of deposits or use methods which destroy any provenance. In this paper, we will describe the latest data from the deployment of modern analytical techniques to characterize these deposits. As a further contribution to the understanding of diesel injector deposits, this paper will describe the use of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in conjunction with Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) to determine trends in IDID chemistries worldwide. The application of the ToF-SIMS technique to EIDS will be described. The latest industry standard engine tests will be discussed with regard to the chemistries involved and the latest advances in the application of a new generation of deposit control additives (DCA) will be described.

show abstract

Section: Tof-sims/pca Analysis Field Samplesmentioning

confidence: 55%

Investigations of Diesel Injector Deposits Characterization and Testing

Barker¹,

Reid²,

Wilmot³

et al. 2020

SAE Technical Paper Series

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Recent work to characterize these deposits by infra-red microscopy and ellipsometry [7,9] has shown that there is information to be learnt by analyzing the tube deposits in situ. In this paper we will also describe the deployment of other analytical techniques such as DART and ToFSIMS, to the analysis of JFTOT tube deposits.…”

Section: Laquer Basedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent work to characterize these deposits by infra-red microscopy [7,9] allows the surface of a deposit to be analyzed for chemical functionality with a spatial resolution approaching 5 microns. Images are generated by the combination of a microscope and an array detector.…”

Section: Techniques Ftir-microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Application of New Approaches to the Analysis of Deposits from the Jet Fuel Thermal Oxidation Tester (JFTOT)

Barker

Reid

Smith

et al. 2017

SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Studies of diesel system deposits continue to be the subject of interest and publications worldwide. The introduction of high pressure common rail systems resulting in high fuel temperatures in the system with the concomitant use of fuels of varying solubilizing ability (e.g. ULSD and FAME blends) have seen deposits formed at the tip of the injector and on various internal injector components. Though deposit control additives (DCAs) have been successfully deployed to mitigate the deposit formation, work is still required to understand the nature and composition of these deposits. The study of both tip and internal diesel injector deposits (IDID) has seen the development of a number of bench techniques in an attempt to mimic field injector deposits in the laboratory. One of the most used of these is the Jet Fuel Thermal Oxidation Tester or JFTOT (ASTM D3241). The tester was originally designed to assess the oxidation of jet fuel, based on the principle that low stability fuels produce deposits that form on metal surfaces. Recently it has been modified so that under suitable conditions it may be used to determine the deposit forming potential of diesel fuels. The JFTOT technique has been used by a number of groups to try and understand diesel injector deposits. The ineradicable nature of the material on the JFTOT tube has seen the deposits analyzed by laser scanning microscopy, ellipsometry and recently infra-red microscopy. Other methods have been invasive involving either solvent washing or scraping off the deposit. In this paper other techniques for the analysis of deposits will be described yielding both chemical and metrological characteristics of the deposits. Fourier Transform Infrared Microscopy (FTIRM), and Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToFSIMS) will be used to describe the surface characteristics. Measurements from a Profile meter will be used to estimate deposit surface roughness and data from Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) will be employed to describe the morphology. The final techniques described will be Direct Analysis In Real Time Mass Spectrometry (DARTMS) using ambient mass spectrometry. and Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass spectrometry (FTICRMS) The advantage of the DART method is that mixtures and objects can be subjected to mass spectrometric analysis with the minimum of pre-treatment and sample preparation. Thus the technique is well suited for analyzing deposits on JFTOT tubes as it requires little sample preparation. A number of studies of materials deposited on JFTOT tubes will be described showing the suitability of these techniques for analyzing and providing the potential characterization of JFTOT deposits. The FTICRMS will be used to assign species in the JFTOT test fuels both pre and post test.

show abstract

“…A growing share of FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters) characterized by low stability in the diesel fuels accelerates the process of fuel oxidation and degradation. FAME are a source of weak acids and lead to an increase in the fuel contamination (sodium compounds) -a component of typical catalysts used in the reaction of transestrification [1][2][3][4][16][17][18][19]. Hence, due to their low stability, the resistance to oxidation is one of the most important properties of diesel fuels containing FAME.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deterioration of the fuel injection parameters as a result of Common Rail injectors deposit formation

Stępień

2017

MATEC Web Conf.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. The article describes external and internal Common Rail injectors deposits formed in dynamometer engine simulation tests. It discussed not only the key reasons and factors influencing injector deposit formation but also the resulting way of fuel preparation and engine test approaches. The effects of external coking deposit as well as internal deposits two most common form types that is carboxylic soaps and organic amides on deterioration of the fuel injection parameters were assessed. The assessments covered both deposits impacts on quantitative and qualitative changes of the injectors diagnostic parameters and as a result on deterioration of the injector performance. Finally the comparisons between characteristic of dosage of one fuel injector before test and characteristics few injectors after engine tests of simulated deposit formation were made.

show abstract

Use of a Laboratory Scale Test to Study Internal Diesel Injector Deposits

Cited by 9 publications

References 13 publications

Investigations of Diesel Injector Deposits Characterization and Testing

Investigations of Diesel Injector Deposits Characterization and Testing

The Application of New Approaches to the Analysis of Deposits from the Jet Fuel Thermal Oxidation Tester (JFTOT)

Deterioration of the fuel injection parameters as a result of Common Rail injectors deposit formation

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About