Use of a human skin in vitro model to investigate the influence of ‘every-day’ clothing and skin surface decontamination on the percutaneous penetration of organophosphates

Moore, C.A.; Wilkinson, Simon C.; Blain, Peter G.; Dunn, Michael; Aust, G.A.; Williams, Faith M.

doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.06.007

Cited by 22 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Clothing plays an influential role in human exposure to chemicals. Protective clothing is used in occupational and non‐occupational settings to minimize chemical exposure by minimizing skin contact of gas‐ and particle‐phase chemicals . Conversely, clothing can be a source of exposure to chemicals as fabrics can release chemicals sorbed intentionally and unintentionally .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From air to clothing: characterizing the accumulation of semi-volatile organic compounds to fabrics in indoor environments

et al. 2016

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Uptake kinetics of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) present indoors, namely phthalates and halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), were characterized for cellulose-based cotton and rayon fabrics. Cotton and rayon showed similar accumulation of gas- and particle-phase SVOCs, when normalized to planar surface area. Accumulation was 3-10 times greater by rayon than cotton, when normalized to Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area which suggests that cotton could have a longer linear uptake phase than rayon. Linear uptake rates of eight consistently detected HFRs over 56 days of 0.35-0.92 m /day.dm planar surface area and mass transfer coefficients of 1.5-3.8 m/h were statistically similar for cotton and rayon and similar to those for uptake to passive air sampling media. These results suggest air-side controlled uptake and that, on average, 2 m of clothing typically worn by a person would sequester the equivalent of the chemical content in 100 m of air per day. Distribution coefficients between fabric and air (K') ranged from 6.5 to 7.7 (log K') and were within the range of partition coefficients measured for selected phthalates as reported in the literature. The distribution coefficients were similar for low molecular weight HFRs, and up to two orders of magnitude lower than the equilibrium partition coefficients estimated using the COSMO-RS model. Based on the COSMO-RS model, time to reach 95% of equilibrium for PBDEs between fabric and gas-phase compounds ranged from 0.1 to >10 years for low to high molecular weight HFRs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From air to clothing: characterizing the accumulation of semi-volatile organic compounds to fabrics in indoor environments

et al. 2016

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“…pesticides, gases/vapors), and demonstrates fabric can be an important potential secondary exposure source. [27][28][29] Fabric as a reservoir for gas absorption, may represent an important secondary exposure source for subsequent inhalational or skin contact. Ventilation of the skin post-exposure and its influence on permeation, may involve complex flux profiles involving the sweat and skin layers and the potential for further uptake even when primary exposure has ceased.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is the skin an important exposure route for workers during cyanogen fumigation?

Gaskin

Thredgold

Pisaniello

et al. 2019

Pest Management Science

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BACKGROUND Cyanogen is a toxic flammable gas used as a fumigant in numerous industries. Occupational exposure to cyanogen can occur during its production and use. The most serious human health risk from exposure to cyanogen is via the respiratory system. However, there is also potential for skin exposure in many workplace situations. The extent of skin absorption under occupational exposure scenarios has not been directly assessed. Understanding skin uptake potential may inform risk assessment and exposure control measures. RESULTS We describe an in vitro experimental system using human epidermis and dynamic atmosphere exposure to cyanogen to mimic potential workplace exposures. The influence of clothing and ventilation on skin permeation outcomes were also assessed. No evidence of transdermal permeation was found at 100 or 1000 ppm exposures, while permeation of 0.99 ± 0.38 μg cm−2 was observed after 60 min exposure to 10 000 ppm. Fabric on skin and skin ventilation had no additional influence on transdermal permeation compared with naked skin, but fabric provided a reservoir for potential secondary exposures. CONCLUSION Results show dermal uptake following cyanogen exposure is possible, but only at very high atmospheric concentrations (10 000 ppm after >15 min exposure). Importantly, this could have implications for fumigant applicators who may only be wearing personal respiratory protection. These empirical data may be used in conjunction with other relevant toxicological information in determining whether a Skin Notation is warranted for Workplace Exposure Standard setting. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry

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“…used in the conventional flow cells in skin penetration assays [32,33], and it is within the range that has historically been measured for capillary blood cell velocities [34,35]. A flow rate of 2.5 ml h -1 is considered high enough to create sink conditions and thus diffusion is unconstrained by the creation of high local concentrations [7].…”

Section: Caffeine Permeation Studiesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Hollow-fiber membrane technology: Characterization and proposed use as a potential mimic of skin vascularization towards the development of a novel skin absorption in vitro model

Esteban

Pickles

Scott

et al. 2019

Biochemical Engineering Journal

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Use of a human skin in vitro model to investigate the influence of ‘every-day’ clothing and skin surface decontamination on the percutaneous penetration of organophosphates

Cited by 22 publications

References 22 publications

From air to clothing: characterizing the accumulation of semi-volatile organic compounds to fabrics in indoor environments

From air to clothing: characterizing the accumulation of semi-volatile organic compounds to fabrics in indoor environments

Is the skin an important exposure route for workers during cyanogen fumigation?

Hollow-fiber membrane technology: Characterization and proposed use as a potential mimic of skin vascularization towards the development of a novel skin absorption in vitro model

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