Use of 6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase as a Screen Test for Cervical Carcinoma in Normal Women

Muir, G. G.; Canti, G.; Williams, David C.

doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5424.1563

Cited by 20 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…In the present investigation 16% of 3,439 women with no cytological evidence of malignancy had enzyme levels of 100 units and above, a false-positive rate in close agreement with that found among patients attending a wellwomen clinic (Muir et al, 1964). Enzyme levels were notably low, as measured by a false-positive rate of 6 %, among women attending the hospital antenatal clinic, and it appeared that this favourable experience of antenatal patients was not simply a reflection of their relative youth compared with patients attending other hospital and practice clinics (Table XI).…”

Section: False-positive Enzyme Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: False-negative Enzyme Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…dried weight), and among 15 cases with more than one enzyme estimation 10 (67%) were consistently negative by the same standard. Three other studies have also reported varying proportions of false-negative enzyme results among patients with carcinoma-in-situ-2 out of 3 (Muir et al, 1964), 5 out of 11 (Cameron and Husain, 1965), and 5 out of 6 (Bell and Egerton, 1965 (Cameron and Husain, 1965 Gibbs, 1962) and 47% (Lawson and Watkins, 1965), a variation partly due to differences between centres with respect to assay method and the nature of the population studied. In the present investigation 16% of 3,439 women with no cytological evidence of malignancy had enzyme levels of 100 units and above, a false-positive rate in close agreement with that found among patients attending a wellwomen clinic (Muir et al, 1964).…”

Section: False-negative Enzyme Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Three other studies have also reported varying proportions of false-negative enzyme results among patients with carcinoma-in-situ-2 out of 3 (Muir et al, 1964), 5 out of 11 (Cameron and Husain, 1965), and 5 out of 6 (Bell and Egerton, 1965 (Cameron and Husain, 1965 Gibbs, 1962) and 47% (Lawson and Watkins, 1965), a variation partly due to differences between centres with respect to assay method and the nature of the population studied. In the present investigation 16% of 3,439 women with no cytological evidence of malignancy had enzyme levels of 100 units and above, a false-positive rate in close agreement with that found among patients attending a wellwomen clinic (Muir et al, 1964). Enzyme levels were notably low, as measured by a false-positive rate of 6 %, among women attending the hospital antenatal clinic, and it appeared that this favourable experience of antenatal patients was not simply a reflection of their relative youth compared with patients attending other hospital and practice clinics (Table XI).…”

Section: False-negative Enzyme Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

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Cervical screening for carcinoma: a comparison of cytological and enzyme (6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) methods and clinical findings.

Boyd¹,

Gibbs²,

Labrum³

et al. 1967

BMJ

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The value of cervical cytology in diagnosing early invasive carcinoma and preinvasive carcinoma-in-situ lesions of the uterine cervix is well established, and its practical application as a screening test has been demonstrated among patients attending hospital (Yule and Cameron, 1961), local authority (Jones and Metcalfe Brown, 1965), and general practice clinics (Macgregor and Baird, 1963). Long-term screening programmes among wider communities (Boyes et al., 1962 ;Bryans et al., 1964) have been associated with reported falls in the incidence of invasive cervical carcinoma in the screened population, and, while follow-up data from these long-term programmes remain limited, their accumulating experience may shortly allow a firme. assessment of whether they can achieve their ultimate aim, a major reduction in mortality. To date no screening programme has been shown to have this effect.In this country professional opinion and public demand have combined to stimulate a recent increase in cytological services; a nation-wide service has been advocated, but a shortage of cytologists and technicians has made progress toward this end slow (British Medical 7ournal, 1965). In an assessment of the practical implications of screening all women over 20 years, with repeat examinations every five years, it has been estimated (Wilson, 1965) that, for a population unit of 250,000 (roughly the size served by a group laboratory), a service on this scale would mean screening one-fifth of the 83,000 women over 20 each year-that is, about 17,000 a year. Expanded to the country as a whole such estimates indicate a screening load likely to overwhelm available cytological services, and this gap between demand and available resources for cervical screening has been a factor adding impetus to the search for possible alternatives to cytology.One development in recent years has been the introduction of a biochemical test that promised to be very much easier to apply and much cheaper to carry out on a mass scale. Chayen et al. (1962) showed that 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase was extremely active in several types of malignant tumour and that the presence of this enzyme could be recognized histochemically. Bonham and Gibbs (1962) MethodsThe study was carried out among women attending (a) the outpatient department at University College Hospital Obstetric Hospital and (b) cervical screening clinics held in the surgeries of four local practices. Married hospital patients aged 20-65 became eligible for inclusion on making a first attendance at one or other of the hospital's antenatal, gynaecology, or cancerdetection clinics. Non-hospital patients entered the survey on acceptance of appointments for cervical screening offered to all married women aged 20-65 on the practice lists. At both hospital and practice clinics specimens for 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase enzyme estimations and cytological examination were obtained from each patient during a single clinic attendance. Cytological examinations and enzyme estimations were carried out at U...

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Section: False-positive Enzyme Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: False-negative Enzyme Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: False-negative Enzyme Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: False-negative Enzyme Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Cervical screening for carcinoma: a comparison of cytological and enzyme (6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) methods and clinical findings.

Boyd¹,

Gibbs²,

Labrum³

et al. 1967

BMJ

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“…Early biochemical and histological studies [217] revealed the level of 6PGD to be significantly increased in cervical cancer which led to the proposal to use this enzyme as a screen test for cervical carcinoma in women [218]. Later studies in tumors of canine mammary glands [219] and in human colon tumors [215] also showed an increased level of 6PGD.…”

Section: Tumor‐specific Expression and Regulation Of Enzymes Involvedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enzymatic features of the glucose metabolism in tumor cells

et al. 2011

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Glucose metabolism in tumor cellsan overviewGlucose is a treasured metabolic substrate for all human cells and is utilized for numerous metabolic functions (Fig. 1).1 Formation and degradation of glycogen serves as a means of internal glucose buffering. 2 The synthesis of ribose phosphates along the oxidative (OPPPW) and non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (NOPPPW) is essential for the synthesis of Many tumor types exhibit an impaired Pasteur effect, i.e. despite the presence of oxygen, glucose is consumed at an extraordinarily high rate compared with the tissue from which they originate -the so-called 'Warburg effect'. Glucose has to serve as the source for a diverse array of cellular functions, including energy production, synthesis of nucleotides and lipids, membrane synthesis and generation of redox equivalents for antioxidative defense. Tumor cells acquire specific enzyme-regulatory mechanisms to direct the main flux of glucose carbons to those pathways most urgently required under challenging external conditions such as varying substrate availability, presence of anti-cancer drugs or different phases of the cell cycle. In this review we summarize the currently available information on tumor-specific expression, activity and kinetic properties of enzymes involved in the main pathways of glucose metabolism with due regard to the explanation of the regulatory basis and physiological significance of the Warburg effect. We conclude that, besides the expression level of the metabolic enzymes involved in the glucose metabolism of tumor cells, the unique tumor-specific pattern of isozymes and accompanying changes in the metabolic regulation below the translation level enable tumor cells to drain selfishly the blood glucose pool that non-transformed cells use as sparingly as possible.Abbreviations ALD, aldolase; AMF, autocrine motility factor; BGP, brain-type glycogen phosphorylase; DHAP, dihydroxyacetone phosphate; EN, enolase; FASN, fatty acid synthetase; FH, fumarate hydratase; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GDPH, a-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase; GLUT, glucose transporter; GP, glycogen phosphorylase; G6PD, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase; GPI, glucose 6-phosphate isomerase; 2HG, 2-hydroxyglutarate; HIF-1, hypoxia-inducible transcription factor; HK, hexokinase; IDH, isocitrate dehydrogenase; aKG, a-ketoglutarate; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; MCT, monocarboxylate transporters; MPT, mitochondrial pyruvate transporter; NOPPPW, non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway; OPPPW, oxidative pentose phosphate pathway; OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation; PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase; PDHK-1, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase; PFK-1, phosphofructokinase-1; PFK-2, phosphofructokinase-2; PFKFB, fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase; 6PGD, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase; PGK, phosphoglycerate kinase; PGM, phosphoglycerate mutase; PHD, prolyl hydroxylase; PK, pyruvate kinase; PRPPS, phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SDH, succhinate dehydrogenase; SMCT1, Na + -coupled lactate transpor...

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Distribution of enzymes in human vaginal fluid.Relevance to the Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer

Goldberg

Hart

Watts

1968

Cancer

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Pooled material obtained by vaginal irrigation of women with gynecologic conditions has been fractionated into cellular and extracellular phases to determine the best method of applying enzyme assays in the diagnosis of cancer of the cervix uteri. Ribonuclease, when measured in the homogenized cellular material, was elevated by more than 400% in the group with cancer. Estimations utilizing the extracellular plasma and high speed supernatants prepared from the homogenate were unpromising. β‐glucuronidase was increased in the homogenate seven‐fold. With few exceptions, no activity could be detected in supernatants derived from the nonmalignant group whereas activity was found in all supernatants derived from the group with cancer. The plasma fraction showed considerable overlap between the two groups although the group with cancer had a much higher mean value. Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase was invariably present in the plasma and supernatant fractions of patients with cancer and almost always absent from the nonmalignant group.

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Use of 6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase as a Screen Test for Cervical Carcinoma in Normal Women

Cited by 20 publications

References 6 publications

Cervical screening for carcinoma: a comparison of cytological and enzyme (6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) methods and clinical findings.

Cervical screening for carcinoma: a comparison of cytological and enzyme (6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) methods and clinical findings.

Enzymatic features of the glucose metabolism in tumor cells

Distribution of enzymes in human vaginal fluid.Relevance to the Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer

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