Bioprinting is an emerging tissue
engineering technique that has
attracted the attention of researchers around the world, for its ability
to create tissue constructs that recapitulate physiological function.
While the technique has been receiving hype, there are still limitations
to the use of bioprinting in practical applications, much of which
is due to inappropriate bioink design that is unable to recapitulate
complex tissue architecture. Silk fibroin (SF) is an exciting and
promising bioink candidate that has been increasingly popular in bioprinting
applications because of its processability, biodegradability, and
biocompatibility properties. However, due to its lack of optimum gelation
properties, functionalization strategies need to be employed so that
SF can be effectively used in bioprinting applications. These functionalization
strategies are processing methods which allow SF to be compatible
with specific bioprinting techniques. Previous literature reviews
of SF as a bioink mainly focus on discussing different methods to
functionalize SF as a bioink, while a comprehensive review on categorizing
SF functional methods according to their potential applications is
missing. This paper seeks to discuss and compartmentalize the different
strategies used to functionalize SF for bioprinting and categorize
the strategies for each bioprinting method (namely, inkjet, extrusion,
and light-based bioprinting). By compartmentalizing the various strategies
for each printing method, the paper illustrates how each strategy
is better suited for a target tissue application. The paper will also
discuss applications of SF bioinks in regenerating various tissue
types and the challenges and future trends that SF can take in its
role as a bioink material.