Use of 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid as electron donating compound in a potentiometric aflatoxin M1-immunosensor

Detection Methods for Aflatoxin M1 in Dairy Products

“…The measurement procedure is similar to that carried out by the ELISA test [1,3,11,42]. In this category of techniques, Rameil et al [64] developed a potentiometric AFM1-immunosensor using 3-(4 hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid (p-HPPA) as the electron donating compound for horseradish peroxidase (HRP; EC 1.11.1.7). The assay system consisted of a polypyrrole-surface-working electrode coated with a polyclonal anti-M1 antibody (pAb-AFM1), an Ag/AgCl reference electrode, and an HRP-aflatoxin B1 conjugate (HRP-AFB1 conjugate).…”

Methods for Detection and Quantification of Aflatoxins

“…After that, the electrode is immersed in the substrate solution in order that antibodies conjugate react and cause a change in electrical conductivity. Some methods have been reported the use of simple electrodes (Rameil et al, 2010;Tan et al, 2009), while others have made use of multiple electrodes (Neagu et al, 2009;Piermarini et al, 2007), where the latter has shown to have advantages over the first in that: it is more user friendly; it is possible to carry out many experiments in parallel with different samples; and it reduces the time required for new procedures (Piermarini et al, 2007). In order to measure the electrical conductivity in the electrodes there are different techniques, such as intermittent pulse amperometric (IPA), potentiometry, or linear sweep voltage (LSV).…”

“…In the linear sweep voltage technique, the sample is fed with a voltage which changes linearly, with a fixed slope. The ability of these techniques to detect aflatoxins depends on many factors, including the type of substrate solution that is used, as is the case reported by Rameil et al (2010), where it was shown that the use of 3 -(4-hydroxyphenyl ) propionic acid (p-HPPA), being a little toxic substance and does not require the use of organic solvents, can increase the conductivity of the substrate in potentiometry to measure aflatoxins M1 in milk. Another factor is the concentration of antibodies in the lining of the electrode, since the higher concentration of these, it can be reached hig h e r p e a k c u r r e n t t h a n i n I P A t e c h n i q u e , although the relationship between antibody concentration and electric current conducted is linear in a certain range, such as Tan et al (2009) work suggests, where the linear range extends from a dilution of 1:30000 to 1:10000 of antibody against aflatoxins B1 found in rice, being the latter dilution which gave the best results.…”

Combination of solvent extraction with deep eutectic solvent based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the analysis of aflatoxin M1 in cheese samples using response surface methodology optimization

“…Due to high toxicity of AFM 1 and its low maximum residue limit, its detection and assessment has attracted a serious global health concern. Different analytical methods such as TLC [12], HPLC equipped with MS [13] and fluorescence detector (FLD) [14], electrochemical methods [15], and chemiluminescence [16] have been used for determination of AFM 1 in different samples. Among these methods, HPLC‐FLD is considered as a gold method for AFM 1 quantification.…”