Use, indications and distribution in different countries of the stimulant and hallucinogenic amphetamine derivatives under consideration by WHO

Keup, W

doi:10.1016/0376-8716(86)90007-4

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…In 1984, representatives of NIDA displayed concern at a drug symposium, and it was noted that the US would be justified in controlling it [46]. In 1985, an article in the Bulletin on Narcotics correctly predicted that future trends would include increased recreational use of ephedrine [47].…”

Section: Modern Illicit Drug Regulation Beginsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How ephedrine escaped regulation in the United States: A historical review of misuse and associated policy

Palamar

2011

Health Policy

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Section: Modern Illicit Drug Regulation Beginsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How ephedrine escaped regulation in the United States: A historical review of misuse and associated policy

Palamar

2011

Health Policy

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“…12,13 Despite their predominance in the US, these two drugs are not the most widely abused amphetamine analogues in all countries. 14,15 In Saudi Arabia it has been estimated that 40% of drug users between ages 12–22 are addicted to fenethylline. 1 While fenethylline addiction has historically been regionally confined, increased production and global trafficking of counterfeit tablets from Syria has been implicated as a source of revenue for militant groups to fund operations.…”

Section: Mainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccine-driven pharmacodynamic dissection and mitigation of fenethylline psychoactivity

Wenthur

Zhou

Janda

2017

Nature

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SUMMARY PARAGRAPH Fenethylline, also known as Captagon, is a synthetic psychoactive stimulant that has recently been linked to substance use disorder and ‘pharmacoterrorism’ in the Middle East.1–4 Although fenethylline shares a common phenethylamine core with other amphetamine-type stimulants, it additionally incorporates a covalently-linked xanthine moiety into its parent structure.5,6 These independently-active pharmacophores are liberated during metabolism, resulting in a structurally-diverse chemical mixture being deployed to the central nervous system.7–9 Although fenethylline’s psychoactive properties have been reported to differ from other synthetic stimulants, the in vivo chemical complexity it manifests upon ingestion has impeded efforts to unambiguously identify the specific species responsible for these effects.10,11 Here we develop a ‘dissection through vaccination’ approach, called DISSECTIV, to mitigate fenethylline’s psychoactivity and show that its rapid-onset and distinct psychoactive properties are facilitated by functional synergy between theophylline and amphetamine. Our results demonstrate that incremental vaccination against single chemical species within a multi-component mixture can be used to uncover emergent properties arising from polypharmacologic activity. We anticipate that DISSECTIV will be employed to expose unidentified active chemical species and illuminate pharmacodynamic interactions within other chemically complex systems, such as those found in counterfeit or illegal drug preparations, post-metabolic tissue samples, and natural product extracts.

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“…Fenethylline is illegally marketed under the street name ‘captagon’ or as ‘Abu Hilalain’ on the Arabic drug market and has been traditionally abused in Arab countries with a recorded increase during the last decade . Since its scheduling in 1981 , fenethylline has been clandestinely produced via a cheap and simple process in southern Europe (Bulgaria, Slovenia, Serbia‐Montenegro) and trafficked through Turkey to the consumer markets on the Arabian Peninsula .…”

Section: Prevalence and Usementioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to the results of a study conducted among drug abusers in the Federal Republic of Germany from 1976 to 1983, an increase of captagon experience has risen from 11% to 16.1%, while the frequency of captagon experience has risen dramatically among street addicts from 30.6% in 1976–1979 to 51.3% in 1983. During the first half of 1984, captagon abuse increased alarmingly (71.8%) due to the lack of steady supply of cocaine and consequent high cost of the latter in Germany .…”

Section: Prevalence and Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Fenethylline (Captagon) Abuse – Local Problems from an Old Drug Become Universal

Katselou

Papoutsis

Νικολάου

et al. 2016

Basic Clin Pharma Tox

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Fenethylline is a theophylline derivative of amphetamine having stimulant effects similar to those of other amphetamine-type derivatives. Fenethylline was used as medicament for hyperactivity disorders in children, narcolepsy and depression, but it has also been used as a drug of abuse under the common name of 'captagon'. Unlike other drugs of abuse, the clandestine synthesis of fenethylline is simple, using inexpensive laboratory instrumentation and raw materials legal to obtain. A review of all the existing knowledge of fenethylline is reported, concerning its chemistry, synthesis, pharmacology and toxicology, legislation, its prevalence and use as drug of abuse, as well as its analysis in biological or seized samples. Published or reported captagon-related cases and seizures are also presented. All the reviewed information was gathered through a detailed search of PubMed and the Internet. The primary drug market for fenethylline (as captagon) has traditionally been countries located on the Arabian Peninsula but also North Africa since 2013. In Arab countries, millions of captagon tablets are seized every year which represents one-third of global amphetamines seizures within a year. Furthermore, three of four patients treated for drug problems in Saudi Arabia are addicted to amphetamines, almost exclusively in the form of captagon. Significant information on fenethylline is provided for pharmacologists, toxicologists and forensic pathologists. Fenethylline, although old, has recently been introduced to the drug market, especially in Arab countries. Continuous community alertness is needed to tackle this current growing phenomenon.

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Use, indications and distribution in different countries of the stimulant and hallucinogenic amphetamine derivatives under consideration by WHO

Cited by 17 publications

References 5 publications

How ephedrine escaped regulation in the United States: A historical review of misuse and associated policy

How ephedrine escaped regulation in the United States: A historical review of misuse and associated policy

Vaccine-driven pharmacodynamic dissection and mitigation of fenethylline psychoactivity

Fenethylline (Captagon) Abuse – Local Problems from an Old Drug Become Universal

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