Uropathogens Antimicrobial Sensitivity and Resistance Pattern From Outpatients in Balochistan, Pakistan

Abstract

To determine the pattern of microbes responsible for urinary tract infections and their susceptibility to different antibiotics. MethodThis is a cross-sectional study conducted at Quetta, Pakistan. The urine samples of 400 patients were collected and sent for culture and sensitivity analysis. The results were recorded on an excel datasheet. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the data. ResultsOut of 400 urine samples, 266 samples were culture positive for microorganisms. The most common organism on analysis was Escherichia coli 123/266 (46.24%) followed by Staphylococcus saprophyticus 59/266 (22.18%) and Klebsiella pneumonia 49/266 (18.42%). Gram-negative microorganisms were most susceptible to fosfomycin, cefoperazone/sulbactam, and meropenem. Gram-positive microorganisms were most susceptible to fosfomycin, cefoperazone/sulbactam, meropenem, and amoxicillin/clavulanate. High rates of resistance in E. coli were observed to most commonly prescribed broad-spectrum antibiotics; ceftriaxone (64.35%), cefotaxime (76.54%), ceftazidime (49.43%), cefepime (53.44%), levofloxacin (71.26%), and amoxicillin/clavulanate (70.31%). E. coli was the major multidrug-resistant organism. ConclusionHigh rates of antibiotic resistance and multi-drug resistance were revealed in this study due to the widespread and injudicious use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Thus, it is highly recommended to regulate the pharmacies. Physicians should judiciously prescribe antibiotics and practice the culture and sensitivity of urine samples rather than blind prescription. Continued surveillance on uropathogens prevalence and resistance, new and next-generation antibiotics, and rapid diagnostic tests to differentiate viral from bacterial infections is the need of time.

Determining the Occurrence of Some Virulence Genes in Proteus Species Isolates

“…In a recent study [15] found that 82.5% of Proteus isolates were MDR. The rate of resistance of P. mirabilis toward ampicillin was (88.3%), piperacillin (72.7%), clindamycin (66.7%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (66.2%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (50%) is almost exactly in line with the findings reported in [16]. According to [17], [18], gentamycin has a certain effect and P. mirabilis had a greater rate of gentamicin resistance (10.3%).…”

Antibiotic Resistance among Patients with Urinary Tract Infections in Kandahar, Afghanistan

“…UTI was most commonly present among females (59.8%) in our study. Similar results have been reported in studies from Iraq (62.7%),[ 18 ] Pakistan (68.0%),[ 23 ] Saudi Arabia (73%),[ 21 ] India (76.6%),[ 20 ] Ethiopia (81.2%),[ 19 ] and South Africa (67.6%). [ 24 ] The increased prevalence of UTI among females might be due to the anatomical differences in urogenital organs between the two sexes.…”

“…Among the commonly prescribed broad-spectrum antibiotics, higher resistance was observed against cefotaxime (76.5%), levofloxacin (71.3%), amoxicillin/clavulanate (70.3%), ceftriaxone (64.3%), cefepime (53.4%), and ceftazidime (49.4%). [ 23 ] A study in Iran reported less resistance to E. coli with commonly used antibiotics. [ 26 ] They reported that E. coli was resistant against cefixime (68.2%), ceftriaxone (37%), cotrimoxazole (33.6%), and ciprofloxacin (31.9%).…”

Sensitivity Profile of Fosfomycin, Nitrofurantoin, and Co-trimoxazole Against Uropathogens Isolated From UTI Cases in a Secondary Care Center, KSA

“…Similar to earlier studies, the majority of the 137 participants in our research were females [9,10]. This is not unusual and is likely attributed to the anatomy of the female genitourinary system, particularly the shorter urethra and the close proximity of the urethral opening to the anus in females.…”