Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) in Jordan: Prevalence of urovirulence genes and antibiotic resistance

Uropathogens antibiotic susceptibility as an indicator for the empirical therapy used for urinary tract infections: a retrospective observational study

“…Oxytoca (1) 1 (100%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (100%) 0 (0.0%) 3 (100%) 0 (0.0%) --1 (33.3%) 1 (33.3%) 1 (33.3%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (33.3%) Citrobacter koseri (2) 2 (100%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 2 (100%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 2 (100%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 2 (100%) Iraq in 2018 (17). Fosfomycin and nitrofurntion showed a comparable susceptibility against E. coli to the other countries, the susceptibility profile of both E. coli, and K. pneumoniae showed higher rates of resistance for several antibiotics including third-generation cephalosporins as ceftazidime, and cefepime, quinolones as ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole than other studies conducted recently in Saudi Arabia (18), Ethiopia (19), Poland (20), Swiss (21), Belgium, Germany, and Spain (22), Portugal (23), in addition to Jordan (14), South Korea (24), and Spain (25), and in six European countries including Russia (26) for only E. coli. Another interesting finding is that amikacin has a notable higher susceptibility rate than gentamicin against the first and second most frequent Gram-negative isolates E. coli and K. pneumoniae.…”

“…Fosfomycin and nitrofurntion showed a comparable susceptibility against E. coli to the other countries, the susceptibility profile of both E. coli , and K. pneumoniae showed higher rates of resistance for several antibiotics including third-generation cephalosporins as ceftazidime, and cefepime, quinolones as ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole than other studies conducted recently in Saudi Arabia ( 18 ), Ethiopia ( 19 ), Poland ( 20 ), Swiss ( 21 ), Belgium, Germany, and Spain ( 22 ), Portugal ( 23 ), in addition to Jordan ( 14 ), South Korea ( 24 ), and Spain ( 25 ), and in six European countries including Russia ( 26 ) for only E. coli . Another interesting finding is that amikacin has a notable higher susceptibility rate than gentamicin against the first and second most frequent Gram-negative isolates E. coli and K. pneumoniae .…”

“…Treatment options for UTIs caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR)- Pseudomonas spp. include fluoroquinolones, ceftazidime, cefepime, piperacillin-tazobactam, carbapenems, aminoglycosides, colistin, ceftazidime/avibactam, and ceftolozane/tazobactam ( 10 , 14 ). The increasing resistance of E. coli , the most common causative agent has been found and reported in many studies and surveys ( 3 ).…”

Virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) isolated from urinary tract infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…The total sample size of UPEC isolates from the fourteen studies is 1,888 (range 32-227). Nine of the 14 studies report UPEC from inpatients [2,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] while 5 are from outpatients [20,26,[28][29][30]. Among the 14 studies, 2 studies reported UPEC from in-and out-patients [20,26] and were therefore considered each as single study for each category of patients.…”

“…Of the 14 included studies, 9 studies used the polymerization chain reaction (PCR) as method for detecting virulence factors of UPEC [2,[20][21][22]24,26,[28][29][30], 3 studies used phenotypical methods [23,25,27], while 2 studies used both methods [24,28].…”