Uronic acid sequence in alginate from different sources

Haug, Arne; Lársen, Bjørn; Smidsrød, Olav

doi:10.1016/s0008-6215(00)82100-x

Cited by 447 publications

(206 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…These monomers are arranged in a blockwise fashion within the same chain as (MM)n, (MG)n, and (GG)n stretches (7,24). It has been shown that the physical properties of alginates depend not only upon the monomer composition but also upon the relative proportion of these blocks (24).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, does the stored alginate in the egg cytoplasm have the same M/G ratio as the alginate in the wall? Haug et al (7) suggested that the biosynthetic route of alginate involves the formation of mannuronan which is transformed at the polymer level by a C-5 epimerase into a heteropolysaccharide containing both types of uronic acids. Alginate from walls possessing a higher proportion of G relative to alginate from the cytoplasm may implicate a role for this epimerase.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cell Wall Assembly in Fucus Zygotes

Quatrano

Stevens

1976

Plant Physiol.

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Fertilization triggers the assembly of a ceDl wai around the egg cell of three brown algae, Fucus vesiculosus, F. distichus, and F. inflatus ratio of fucose to xylose and high levels of sulfate, and contain a second fucan (F2) which is electrophoreticaDly distinct from F1. F2 appears to be deposited in only a localized region of the wall, that which elongates to form the rhizoid ceDl. Throughout wall assembly, the polyuronide block co-polymer alginic acid did not significantly vary its mannuronic (M) to guluronic (G) acid ratio (0.33-0.55) or its block distribution (MG, 54%; GG, 30%; MM, 16%). From 6 to 24 hours of embryo development, the proportion of the major polysaccharide components found in purified walls is stable. Alginic acid is the major polymer and comprises about 60% of the total wall, while cellulose and the fucans each make-up about 20% of the remainder. During the extracellular assembly of this wall, the intrcellular levels of the storage glucan laminaran decreases. A membrane-bound 3-1,3-exoglucanase is found in young zygotes which degrades laminaran to glucose. It is postulated that hydrolysis of laminaran by this glucanase accounts, at least in part, for glucose availability for wall biosynthesis and the increase in respiration triggered by fertilization. The properties and function of alginic acid, the fucans, and cellulose are discussed in relation to changes in wall structure and function during development.The developmental processes of growth, differentiation, and morphogenesis in plant cells are all intimately associated with I

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell Wall Assembly in Fucus Zygotes

Quatrano

Stevens

1976

Plant Physiol.

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“…It is produced by brown algae (25) and by bacteria belonging to the genera Pseudomonas (17,22,41) and Azotobacter (10,32). Azotobacter vinelandii is a nitrogen-fixing soil bacterium belonging to the ␥-group of purple bacteria.…”

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confidence: 99%

Identification and Characterization of anAzotobacter vinelandiiType I Secretion System Responsible for Export of the AlgE-Type Mannuronan C-5-Epimerases

et al. 2006

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Alginate is a linear copolymer of ␤-D-mannuronic acid and its C-5-epimer, ␣-L-guluronic acid. During biosynthesis, the polymer is first made as mannuronan, and various fractions of the monomers are then epimerized to guluronic acid by mannuronan C-5-epimerases. The Azotobacter vinelandii genome encodes a family of seven extracellular such epimerases (AlgE1 to AlgE7) which display motifs characteristic for proteins secreted via a type I pathway. Putative ATPase-binding cassette regions from the genome draft sequence of the A. vinelandii OP strain and experimentally verified type I transporters from other species were compared. This analysis led to the identification of one putative A. vinelandii type I system (eexDEF). The corresponding genes were individually disrupted in A. vinelandii strain E, and Western blot analysis using polyclonal antibodies against all AlgE epimerases showed that these proteins were present in wild-type culture supernatants but absent from the eex mutant supernatants. Consistent with this, the wild-type strain and the eex mutants produced alginate with about 20% guluronic acid and almost pure mannuronan (<2% guluronic acid), respectively. The A. vinelandii wild type is able to enter a particular desiccation-tolerant resting stage designated cyst. At this stage, the cells are surrounded by a rigid coat in which alginate is a major constituent. Such a coat was formed by wild-type cells in a particular growth medium but was missing in the eex mutants. These mutants were also found to be unable to survive desiccation. The reason for this is probably that continuous stretches of guluronic acid residues are needed for alginate gel formation to take place.

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“…These pectins are classified as high-methoxyl pectins (Glenn, 1953). Sodium alginate showed a M/G ratio of 1.3 by the simple chemical method involving partial hydrolysis with an acid (Haung et al, 1974). All the reagents used were of reagent grade and were used without further purification.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Apparent Viscosity of Aqueous Macromolecule Solutions Containing Sucrose

Sato

Miyawaki

2012

FSTR

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The apparent viscosity (η a H ) of aqueous macromolecule solutions with and without sucrose was measured. In addition, the apparent reduced viscosity (η and its relationship with [η], the apparent viscosity behavior of the macromolecule solutions tested was classified into three groups. In Group A which consists of PEG35000 and DexT40, the macromolecules are diluted enough such that intermolecular interactions are very weak. In Group B which consists of pectins and alginate, the macromolecules are in contact with one another such that inter-macromolecular interactions become stronger and the addition of sucrose affects the macromolecular interactions. In Group C which consists of xanthan, macromolecular chains are physically entangled with partial aggregations such that inter-macromolecular interactions are very strong, but the addition of sucrose has almost no effect on the interaction.

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Uronic acid sequence in alginate from different sources

Cited by 447 publications

References 15 publications

Cell Wall Assembly in Fucus Zygotes

Cell Wall Assembly in Fucus Zygotes

Identification and Characterization of anAzotobacter vinelandiiType I Secretion System Responsible for Export of the AlgE-Type Mannuronan C-5-Epimerases

Analysis of Apparent Viscosity of Aqueous Macromolecule Solutions Containing Sucrose

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