Urologic cancer in China

Abstract

Cancer remains to be the second most common cause of death, and its incidence and mortality rates are increasing in China. According to the 2015 National Central Cancer Registry (NCCR) of China, the incidence of bladder cancer and prostate cancer ranked sixth and seventh, respectively, in male cancers. The majority of prostate cancer patients were diagnosed at an advanced stage. Early diagnosis of prostate cancer is the key to improve prostate cancer survival in China. Radical prostatectomy or radical radiotherapy is the main treatment for localized prostate cancer, and a comprehensive therapy based on androgen deprivation therapy is the treatment for advanced disease. The most common histologic types of bladder cancer in China were urothelial carcinoma, followed by adenocarcinoma and squamous carcinoma. The majority of patients were diagnosed using white-light cystoscopy with biopsy. Fluorescence and narrow-band imaging cystoscopy had additional detection rates and are becoming more popular. Following Chinese guidelines, most non-muscle invasive bladder cancer patients were treated with diagnostic transurethral resection and more than half of the muscle invasive bladder cancer patients were treated with radical cystectomy. Due to the increased detection rate of kidney tumors by ultrasound in physical examination, the number of incidentally diagnosed renal cell carcinoma has increased. Localized kidney cancers are more and more often treated by nephron-sparing surgery. Radical nephrectomy is still the main treatment option for patients with locally advanced renal cell carcinoma. Both laparoscopic and robotic-assisted laparoscopic surgeries have been used in big medical centers. Both testicular cancer and penile cancer have lower incidence levels than that in Europe. As we have an enormous population base, the absolute patient number is big. The diagnosis and treatment follows the Chinese guidelines. In China, both medical professionals and public should concern more on the early diagnosis, as there is not enough cancer prevention information available. Urologists should also take a more active role in educating the population.

Mutational landscape of penile squamous cell carcinoma in a Chinese population

“…Penile cancer is rare in developed countries but is much more common in developing countries, and it is one of the significant public health concerns in the developing world . Based on the data from the National Central Cancer Registry of China, the overall incidence of penile cancer in Chinese males was 0.60/100,000 and the mortality was 0.18/100,000 in 2011 . The 5‐year survival rate is over 60% in European countries, and a significant racial disparity in survival outcomes was observed between African American and Caucasian American men, indicating a difference in tumor biology for different populations …”

Navigation strategy for robotic soft endoscope intervention

“…Among all the deaths of cancer, the number of lung cancer deaths accounts for 1/5 . With the application of optical fiber and electronics in endoscopic technology field, the interventional diagnosis and treatment of soft endoscopy such as gastrointestinal endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and urinary endoscopy has become the main treatment for various diseases in natural orifices with the advantages of minimally invasive and quick recovery …”

Protein kinase C-α (PKCα) modulates cell apoptosis by stimulating nuclear translocation of NF-kappa-B p65 in urothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder

“…Among the cancer types, bladder cancer is the ninth most common cancer worldwide [1] and the sixth most diagnosed cancer in China [2, 3]. Among the bladder cancers, more than 90% of the cases are urothelial cell carcinomas (UCCs).…”