Urokinase administration for intraventricular hemorrhage in adults: A retrospective analysis of hemorrhage volume reduction and clinical outcomes

Abstract

Background: Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a type of ventricular bleeding that results in significant morbidity and mortality. Multiple studies have investigated the use of urokinase in IVH treatment. The use of urokinase may lead to higher rates of hematoma resolution and lower mortality rates. However, further studies are required to determine efficacy of urokinase administration. This study examined the association between urokinase use, IVH volume reduction, and clinical outcomes. Methods: In total, 94 adult patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) with ventricular extension or primary IVH were enrolled between 2015 and 2021. Participants were categorized into two groups: "EVD combined with fibrinolysis" and "EVD only." The primary objective was to assess the reduction of IVH severity. Additionally, the study evaluated the functional outcomes and shunt dependency rate as secondary outcomes. Non-contrast computed tomography scans were obtained to measure the severity of IVH using the mGRAEB score. The main outcomes were the association among urokinase administration, reduced IVH severity, and functional outcomes. Results: There were no significant differences in the reduction rate of mGRAEB scores within a 7-day period (−50.0 [−64.4 - −32.5] % vs −44.2 [−59.3 - −7.9] %; p = .489). In addition, investigation of the 3 rd and 4 th ventricles showed similar findings between the two groups. Urokinase treatment was not associated with significant differences in the modified Rankin Scale (5.0 (4.0–5.0) vs. 4.5 (4.0-5.0), p = .674) or shunt dependency rate (33.3% vs 39.3%, p = .58). Conclusion: This study found that intraventricular urokinase use in patients with IVH was not associated with reduced IVH severity. In addition, urokinase use was not associated with better functional outcomes or minor shunt dependency rates.