Urogenital schistosomiasis in Nigeria post receipt of the largest single praziquantel donation in Africa

Enabulele, E.E.; Platt, Roy N.; Adeyemi, Ehizogie; Agbosua, Esther; Aisien, Martin S.O.; Ajakaye, Oluwaremilekun G.; Umar, Mahmud Ali; Amaechi, Ebube Charles; Atalabi, Tolulope Ebenezer; Auta, Timothy; Awosolu, Oluwaseun Bunmi; Dagona, Adamu G.; Edo-Taiwo, O.; Chika, Ejikeugwu; Igbeneghu, C.; Njom, Victor S.; Orji, M.N.; Oyinloye, Funso Olu Peter; Ozemoka, Habibat J.; Ugah, Uchenna Iyioku; Anderson, Timothy J.

doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105916

Cited by 9 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Research suggests that this selective approach hampers control efforts, as infected adults and teenagers serve as reservoirs for transmission to vulnerable children [47,65,66]. However, in comparison to other regions of Nigeria where MAMs successfully covered school-aged children, the overall prevalence in this study was lower [21,23,24,67,68]. This highlights the effectiveness of MAMs but also underlines the necessity for a more comprehensive, long-term control strategy to achieve complete eradication [69].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Socioeconomic disparities in low-and-middle-income countries contribute to signi cant public health challenges regarding the transmission of the disease [20]. Also, the internal migration of displaced individuals due to insurgencies, insecurity, and ooding may contribute to the spread of the disease [21].…”

Section: Epidemiological Status In Nigeriamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The prevalence of UgS in Nigeria varies from region to region, with some areas having much higher prevalence [21,22,23,24] than others [10,25,26,27].…”

Section: Epidemiological Status In Nigeriamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Addressing Urogenital and Female Genital Schistosomiasis among Teenagers in Anambra State, Nigeria: A Cross-sectional Study

Aribodor,

Azugo,

Jacob

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Background Urogenital schistosomiasis (UgS) remains a persistent health challenge among adolescents in Anambra State, Nigeria, despite ongoing control efforts. Since 2013, mass praziquantel treatment programs have primarily targeted school-aged children (5-14 years), leaving teenagers susceptible to Schistosoma haematobium infection. Additionally, the extent of female genital schistosomiasis (FGS), a neglected gynaecological manifestation of UgS remains unclear. Methodology To address these gaps, our study conducted a comprehensive investigation in Anaocha Local Government Area between February and May 2023. Using stratified random sampling, we enrolled 470 teenagers (aged 10-19 years old). The study involved urinalysis tests for haematuria and microscopic detection of S. haematobium eggs via polycarbonate membrane filters. For females with heavy infections (≥ 50 eggs/10 ml urine), we performed colposcopy examinations of the cervicovaginal canal, complemented by acetic acid and Lugol's iodine staining for comprehensive sexual and reproductive health assessments. Data collection employed Kobo ToolBox software, following guidelines from the COUNTDOWN Consortium on FGS, ensuring gender-sensitive data collection. Our data underwent rigorous analysis using SPSS version 25, incorporating descriptive statistics, multinomial logistic regression, odds ratios, and significance testing. Results Unveiling our findings, we noted UgS prevalence of 14.5% with an average infection intensity of 5.25 eggs/10 ml urine. While females exhibited a slightly higher prevalence (16.1%), with 7.5% of females enduring heavy infection burdens, the gender difference was not statistically significant. However, males showed higher odds of infection (OR: 1.332; 95% CI: 0.791-2.244; p-value: 0.280). Colposcopy examinations showed FGS lesions as well as co-infection with Trichomonas vaginalis. Teenagers aged 10-14 had the highest prevalence, with significantly higher odds of infection (OR: 1720; 95% CI: 1.012-2.923; p-value: 0.045). Haematuria, though prevalent (24.6%), was not the sole indicator, as those without it faced significantly higher odds of infection (OR: 2.924; 95% CI: 1.731-4.941; p-value: 0.000). Dysuria and genital itching/burning were other UgS-associated symptoms identified. Remarkably, a 17-year-old girl with an FGS-positive diagnosis who reported severe itching was found to have Pthirus pubis (pubic louse) in her urine. This uncommon occurrence is likely due to close contact with an infected person or animal. Direct water contact was associated with higher infection odds (OR: 2.601; 95% CI: 1.007-6.716; p-value: 0.048). Co-infections with cercarial dermatitis further emphasized the risks, especially among individuals with extended water contact histories. Various risk factors were associated with UgS, including the purpose of waterbody visits, duration of freshwater exposure, awareness of UgS and FGS, deworming history, comfort in discussing genital health, and confidantes for such discussions. Conclusion The alarmingly high rates of UgS and FGS among teenagers in Anambra State call for integrated interventions, behaviour change campaigns, improved awareness, cost-effective diagnostics and treatments, and the training of healthcare workers in a people-centered approach. Our goal is to eliminate the neglect of marginalized populations and strive for disease elimination by 2030.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Epidemiological Status In Nigeriamentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Addressing Urogenital and Female Genital Schistosomiasis among Teenagers in Anambra State, Nigeria: A Cross-sectional Study

Aribodor,

Azugo,

Jacob

et al. 2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…There were five longitudinal intervention studies [ 25 , 35 , 37 , 40 , 42 ], seven cluster randomized trials [ 23 , 24 , 27 – 29 , 32 , 35 ], one case control study [ 6 ], seven cross sectional studies [ 18 , 29 , 31 , 36 , 38 , 41 , 43 , 44 ], three prospective studies [ 15 , 19 , 33 , 39 ], two repeated cross sectional studies [ 24 , 34 ], longitudinal pre- and post- test design [ 16 ], one interventive prospective study [ 17 ] as shown in Fig 3 . Tanzania and Kenya had the most intervention studies, they each had five intervention studies included in this review whilst Zimbabwe and Ethiopia have four intervention studies, Cote’ d Ivoire has three intervention studies, Senegal and Nigeria had two intervention studies and Madagascar, Sudan, Niger, Angola and Togo each had one.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The current showed that after treatment with MDA there were statistically significant reinfections occurring in the treated paediatric population enrolled in the study [ 15 , 17 , 22 , 35 , 37 , 39 , 42 ]. Adewale et al 2018 also showed that even though there was a significant decrease in schistosomiasis infections in the study participants, post MDA programme there were significant re-infections [ 17 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of paediatric schistosomiasis control programmes in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review

Vere,

ten Ham-Baloyi,

Melariri

2024

PLoS ONE

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Preventive chemotherapy by mass drug administration is globally recommended as the primary method of reaching the elimination of schistosomiasis, especially in the high risk-paediatric population. This systematic review provides a summary of the effects of paediatric schistosomiasis control programs on eliminating schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, EBSCOhost, and other databases to obtain studies regarding the effects of paediatric schistosomiasis control programmes in sub-Saharan Africa. 3455 studies were screened for eligibility, included articles reported on both paediatrics control programmes and schistosomiasis, and articles were excluded when they did not report on schistosomiasis control programmes in paediatrics exclusively. 40 selected studies were critically appraised using the JBI critical appraisal tools for relevance and 30 studies were included in the study. An in-depth quantitative descriptive analysis was conducted, and a comprehensive narrative summary explained the results within the scope of the review questions. The results show that despite preventive chemotherapy lowering schistosomiasis prevalence, chances of re-infection are high in endemic areas. Preventive chemotherapy without complementary interventions including safe water provision and proper sanitation, snail control and health education on the aetiology of schistosomiasis, transmission pattern and control practices might not eliminate schistosomiasis.

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Contrasting epidemiology of urogenital schistosomiasis among pastoral communities surrounding three Ramsar wetland in Nigeria

Ajakaye

Dagona²,

Haladu

et al. 2022

J Parasit Dis

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Urogenital schistosomiasis in Nigeria post receipt of the largest single praziquantel donation in Africa

Cited by 9 publications

References 7 publications

Addressing Urogenital and Female Genital Schistosomiasis among Teenagers in Anambra State, Nigeria: A Cross-sectional Study

Addressing Urogenital and Female Genital Schistosomiasis among Teenagers in Anambra State, Nigeria: A Cross-sectional Study

Effects of paediatric schistosomiasis control programmes in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review

Contrasting epidemiology of urogenital schistosomiasis among pastoral communities surrounding three Ramsar wetland in Nigeria

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