Urogenital schistosomiasis in females from some suburban communities of Jos, north central Nigeria

Jc, Njoku; Ja, Ajayi; Sl, Pitman; Dakul, DA; Om, Njoku

doi:10.9790/3008-09336979

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…The prevalence of UgS in Nigeria varies from region to region, with some areas having much higher prevalence [21,22,23,24] than others [10,25,26,27].…”

Section: Epidemiological Status In Nigeriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Addressing Urogenital and Female Genital Schistosomiasis among Teenagers in Anambra State, Nigeria: A Cross-sectional Study

Aribodor,

Azugo,

Jacob

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Background Urogenital schistosomiasis (UgS) remains a persistent health challenge among adolescents in Anambra State, Nigeria, despite ongoing control efforts. Since 2013, mass praziquantel treatment programs have primarily targeted school-aged children (5-14 years), leaving teenagers susceptible to Schistosoma haematobium infection. Additionally, the extent of female genital schistosomiasis (FGS), a neglected gynaecological manifestation of UgS remains unclear. Methodology To address these gaps, our study conducted a comprehensive investigation in Anaocha Local Government Area between February and May 2023. Using stratified random sampling, we enrolled 470 teenagers (aged 10-19 years old). The study involved urinalysis tests for haematuria and microscopic detection of S. haematobium eggs via polycarbonate membrane filters. For females with heavy infections (≥ 50 eggs/10 ml urine), we performed colposcopy examinations of the cervicovaginal canal, complemented by acetic acid and Lugol's iodine staining for comprehensive sexual and reproductive health assessments. Data collection employed Kobo ToolBox software, following guidelines from the COUNTDOWN Consortium on FGS, ensuring gender-sensitive data collection. Our data underwent rigorous analysis using SPSS version 25, incorporating descriptive statistics, multinomial logistic regression, odds ratios, and significance testing. Results Unveiling our findings, we noted UgS prevalence of 14.5% with an average infection intensity of 5.25 eggs/10 ml urine. While females exhibited a slightly higher prevalence (16.1%), with 7.5% of females enduring heavy infection burdens, the gender difference was not statistically significant. However, males showed higher odds of infection (OR: 1.332; 95% CI: 0.791-2.244; p-value: 0.280). Colposcopy examinations showed FGS lesions as well as co-infection with Trichomonas vaginalis. Teenagers aged 10-14 had the highest prevalence, with significantly higher odds of infection (OR: 1720; 95% CI: 1.012-2.923; p-value: 0.045). Haematuria, though prevalent (24.6%), was not the sole indicator, as those without it faced significantly higher odds of infection (OR: 2.924; 95% CI: 1.731-4.941; p-value: 0.000). Dysuria and genital itching/burning were other UgS-associated symptoms identified. Remarkably, a 17-year-old girl with an FGS-positive diagnosis who reported severe itching was found to have Pthirus pubis (pubic louse) in her urine. This uncommon occurrence is likely due to close contact with an infected person or animal. Direct water contact was associated with higher infection odds (OR: 2.601; 95% CI: 1.007-6.716; p-value: 0.048). Co-infections with cercarial dermatitis further emphasized the risks, especially among individuals with extended water contact histories. Various risk factors were associated with UgS, including the purpose of waterbody visits, duration of freshwater exposure, awareness of UgS and FGS, deworming history, comfort in discussing genital health, and confidantes for such discussions. Conclusion The alarmingly high rates of UgS and FGS among teenagers in Anambra State call for integrated interventions, behaviour change campaigns, improved awareness, cost-effective diagnostics and treatments, and the training of healthcare workers in a people-centered approach. Our goal is to eliminate the neglect of marginalized populations and strive for disease elimination by 2030.

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“…The prevalence of UgS in Nigeria varies from region to region, with some areas having much higher prevalence [21,22,23,24] than others [10,25,26,27].…”

Section: Epidemiological Status In Nigeriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Addressing Urogenital and Female Genital Schistosomiasis among Teenagers in Anambra State, Nigeria: A Cross-sectional Study

Aribodor,

Azugo,

Jacob

et al. 2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, is one of the major parasitic infections in the world, especially in poverty-driven areas with poor sanitary conditions [1]. Urogenital schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma haematobium accounts for approximately two-thirds of most parasitic infections [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward schistosomiasis control: Assessment of infection-associated voiding symptoms, quality of life and the impact of exercise coupled with water intake on egg recovery in an endemic community in Ghana

Essien-Baidoo,

Essuman,

Tee

et al. 2023

PLOS Glob Public Health

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Assessment of the burden of disease and techniques for clinical diagnosis could ultimately help in schistosomiasis control. This study assessed the impact of exercises and water intake on ova recovery during laboratory diagnosis and schistosomiasis-associated urinary symptoms and quality of life (QOL) among inhabitants of Dendo, an endemic community in Ghana. The clinical findings and responses of 400 randomly selected participants were used for the study. The International Prostate Symptoms Score (I-PSS) was used to collect information on participants’ self-reported urinary symptoms and QOL. Finally, urine samples were collected on two consecutive days, initially without exercise and water intake and then after exercise and water intake, and about 10 ml of it were microscopically examined for the presence and quantification of ova. The data collected from the study were analyzed using IBM SPSS. Schistosoma haematobium egg recovery increased significantly (p < 0.001) from 206 (51.5%) to 220 (55.0%) after exercise and water intake with the highest increase being observed among participants less than 20 years (53.3% to 57.1% after exercise and water intake). As high as 90.3% and 56.8% of Schistosoma-positive participants reported IPSS>7 (symptomatic voiding disorders) and QOL≥4 (mostly dissatisfied or unhappy QOL) respectively. The commonest voiding symptoms reported were nocturia (98.9%) and incomplete emptying (79.6%). Positive correlations between egg count, IPSS score, and QOL were observed. This study provides important evidence for the inclusion of exercise and water intake in the microscopic diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium and reveals that schistosomiasis significantly impacts the affected individuals’ urinary health and overall quality of life.

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Assessing urogenital schistosomiasis and female genital schistosomiasis (FGS) among adolescents in Anaocha, Anambra State, Nigeria: implications for ongoing control efforts

Aribodor,

Azugo,

Jacob

et al. 2024

BMC Public Health

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Background Urogenital schistosomiasis (UgS) remains a persistent health challenge among adolescents in Anambra State, Nigeria, despite ongoing control efforts. Mass praziquantel treatment programs, initiated in 2013, primarily target primary school-aged children (5–14 years old), leaving adolescents (10–19 years old) enrolled in secondary schools vulnerable to urogenital schistosomiaisis. Additionally, the extent of female genital schistosomiasis (FGS), a neglected gynaecological manifestation of UgS remains unclear. Methodology To address these gaps, a cross-sectional study was conducted in Anaocha Local Government Area from February to May 2023. Four hundred and seventy consenting adolescents aged 10–19 years were enrolled. Urinalysis including urine filtration was employed to confirm haematuria and detect urogenital schistosomiasis (UGS) among the participants. For females with heavy infections (≥ 50 eggs/10 ml urine), a gynaecologist performed colposcopy examinations, complemented by acetic acid and Lugol’s iodine staining to assess for female genital schistosomiasis (FGS) lesions or other related reproductive health conditions. Socio-demographic data, including information on potential risk factors, were systematically collected using the Kobo ToolBox software, following gender-sensitive data collection guidelines. Data were analysed using SPSS version 25, incorporating descriptive statistics, multinomial logistic regression, odds ratios, and significance testing. Results Among the 470 adolescents (52.8% females, 47.2% males) examined, an overall UgS prevalence of 14.5% was observed, with an average of 5.25 eggs per 10 ml of urine. Females had a slightly higher prevalence (16.1%), and 7.5% had heavy infections. Although gender differences in infection rates were not statistically significant, males had slightly higher odds of infection (OR: 1.332; 95% CI: 0.791–2.244; p-value: 0.280). Adolescents aged 10–14 had the highest prevalence, with significantly increased odds of infection (OR: 1.720; 95% CI: 1.012–2.923; p-value: 0.045). Colposcopy examinations of females with heavy infections revealed FGS lesions and co-infections with Trichomonas vaginalis. Haematuria, though prevalent (24.6%), was not the sole indicator, as those without it faced significantly higher odds of infection (OR: 2.924; 95% CI: 1.731–4.941; p-value: 0.000). Dysuria and genital itching/burning sensation were other UgS and FGS associated symptoms. Direct water contact was associated with higher infection odds (OR: 2.601; 95% CI: 1.007–6.716; p-value: 0.048). Various risk factors were associated with UgS. Conclusion The study highlights the need for a comprehensive Urogenital Schistosomiasis (UGS) control strategy that includes secondary school adolescents, emphasizes risk factor management, promotes safe water practices, and raises awareness about UGS and Female Genital Schistosomiasis (FGS) among adolescents, thus improving control efforts and mitigating this health challenge in the region.

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Urogenital schistosomiasis in females from some suburban communities of Jos, north central Nigeria

Abstract: Schistosomiasis of the urethral tract leads to the destruction of the mucosal cells of the

Cited by 3 publications

References 46 publications

Addressing Urogenital and Female Genital Schistosomiasis among Teenagers in Anambra State, Nigeria: A Cross-sectional Study

Addressing Urogenital and Female Genital Schistosomiasis among Teenagers in Anambra State, Nigeria: A Cross-sectional Study

Toward schistosomiasis control: Assessment of infection-associated voiding symptoms, quality of life and the impact of exercise coupled with water intake on egg recovery in an endemic community in Ghana

Assessing urogenital schistosomiasis and female genital schistosomiasis (FGS) among adolescents in Anaocha, Anambra State, Nigeria: implications for ongoing control efforts

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