Urine odour in a camel suffering from surra (T. evansi infection)

Hunter, A. G.

doi:10.1007/bf02359524

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…After letting it dry for an hour, the ball is broken apart and smelled by the 'Expert'. In camels with high parasitemia, a characteristic sweet, pungent and 'sickly' smell attributable to the presence of urochromes (Hunter, 1986) can be detected. In India, another traditional method of surra diagnosis involves pulling hairs out of the suspected animal's tail and applying the hair roots to the downward facing hand.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Data concerning the ethnoveterinary practices used for the treatment of disorders of digestive system (indigestion, colic and diarrhoea), respiratory tract (colds/rhinitis, pneumonia), skin problems (mange, ulceration of nostrils with or without nasal myiasis, ticks and lice and harness sores), systemic states (fever, ze / rba / d and anhidrosis) or prevention of indigestion and halitosis (oozena or bad odour from the mouth) were collected on a pre-designed proforma. In addition, all owners were questioned about their familiarity with 'Sand-ball test' or 'Hair-stick test' of surra (Trypanosoma evansi infection) diagnosis known to the camel owners in the South East Punjab or to North African Bedouins (Leese, 1927;Hunter, 1986). Traditional drugs used for the treatment of different conditions investigated were analyzed in terms of percent camel owners who had used the drug in question.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ethnoveterinary practices of owners of pneumatic-cart pulling camels in Faisalabad City (Pakistan)

Muhammad

Khan

Hussain

et al. 2005

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethnoveterinary practices of owners of pneumatic-cart pulling camels in Faisalabad City (Pakistan)

Muhammad

Khan

Hussain

et al. 2005

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

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“…This decrease is accompanied by the excretion of abnormal amounts of aromatic ketoacids, such as indolepyruvate, phenylpyruvate, and hydroxyphenylpyruvate at levels that correlate with the parasitemia (16)(17)(18)(19). Indeed the presence and subsequent oxidation of these ketoacids explains the pungent odor and reddish brown color characteristic of the urine of camels infected with Trypanosoma evansi, a feature that has been used as a traditional diagnostic tool by camel herders to identify infected animals (20). These aromatic ketoacids are thought to be derived from the metabolic activities of the parasite rather than the host (19,21,22).…”

Section: Trypanosoma Bruceimentioning

confidence: 99%

Trypanosoma bruceimetabolite indolepyruvate decreases HIF-1α and glycolysis in macrophages as a mechanism of innate immune evasion

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The parasite Trypanasoma brucei causes African trypanosomiasis, known as sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in domestic animals. These diseases are a major burden in the 36 sub-Saharan African countries where the tsetse fly vector is endemic. Untreated trypanosomiasis is fatal and the current treatments are stagedependent and can be problematic during the meningoencephalitic stage, where no new therapies have been developed in recent years and the current drugs have a low therapeutic index. There is a need for more effective treatments and a better understanding of how these parasites evade the host immune response will help in this regard. The bloodstream form of T. brucei excretes significant amounts of aromatic ketoacids, including indolepyruvate, a transamination product of tryptophan. This study demonstrates that this process is essential in bloodstream forms, is mediated by a specialized isoform of cytoplasmic aminotransferase and, importantly, reveals an immunomodulatory role for indolepyruvate. Indolepyruvate prevents the LPS-induced glycolytic shift in macrophages. This effect is the result of an increase in the hydroxylation and degradation of the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). The reduction in HIF-1α levels by indolepyruvate, following LPS or trypanosome activation, results in a decrease in production of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β. These data demonstrate an important role for indolepyruvate in immune evasion by T. brucei.immunometabolism | innate immunity | immune evasion |

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“…There was no comprehensive data on the use of PCR for detection of infection in Sudanese breed of dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). Hunter [55] and Aradaib and Magid [56] suggested the use of the reliable, easy to perform and less time-consuming PCR for accurate classification of trypanosome species in Sudan where the morphological feature of the trypanosome is the main tool used for its classification.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Drug Susceptibility in Rats Experimentally Infected with Trypanosoma evansi Isolated from Camels in Sudan

Abuessailla¹,

Aa²,

Agab³

et al. 2017

Int. J. Life. Sci. Scienti. Res.

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A number of 18 adults male outbred albino rats, weighing between 133-137g were used to investigate the drug susceptibility of Trypanosoma evansi strain isolated from naturally infected dromedary camels in Umbadir area, North Kordofan State, Sudan. The rats were divided into 3 groups (C, D and F) of 6 animals each. Group C and D were infected intraperitoneally with T. evansi (Umbadir stabilate) with 1×10 4 Trypanosome for the inoculum. Group D rats were given quinapyramine sulphate (20 mg/Kg bwt) after parasitaemia was evident. Group F was left as healthy uninfected control for the stabilate. When parasite counts were one or more parasites per field, counting in haemocytometer were used for exact number of parasite per cubic millimeter using Neubaeur's counter. Parasites from tail blood were first fixed, stained and diluted in trypanosome diluting reagent. The parasites were diluted to the level that can be easily counted in WBC counting chamber in the haemocytometer. The total number of parasites was expressed as log 10 number of parasites per ml of blood. The presence and degree of parasitaemia were determined daily for each rat by examining tail blood. The identity of the local stabilates of Trypanosoma evansi was confirmed through adopting PCR where primers that target the internal transcribed spacer one (ITS1) of the ribosomal DNA were used. There was significant reduction in serum glucose and potassium as well as significant increase in total protein, urea, calcium, albumin and cholesterol in group C. The Umbadir stabilate showed low mortality and high sensitivity to quinapyramine sulphate.

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Urine odour in a camel suffering from surra (T. evansi infection)

Cited by 15 publications

References 2 publications

Ethnoveterinary practices of owners of pneumatic-cart pulling camels in Faisalabad City (Pakistan)

Ethnoveterinary practices of owners of pneumatic-cart pulling camels in Faisalabad City (Pakistan)

Trypanosoma bruceimetabolite indolepyruvate decreases HIF-1α and glycolysis in macrophages as a mechanism of innate immune evasion

Investigation of Drug Susceptibility in Rats Experimentally Infected with Trypanosoma evansi Isolated from Camels in Sudan

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