Urine and serum glycosaminoglycan levels in the diagnosis of urological diseases and conditions: A narrative review of the literature

Üstündağ, Yasemin; Huysal, Kağan; Genim, C.; Yavuz, Ayca

doi:10.1177/0391560320960003

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…In general, urinary biomarker levels are frequently studied in various disease as they can be measured both noninvasively and easily. GAGs, a polysaccharide molecule produced in every cell in the human body, exist in two main structures as sulfated and non-sulfated (16,17). Non-sulfated GAG contains hyaluronic acid, while sulfated GAGs include chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, heparan sulfate, and heparin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Non-sulfated GAG contains hyaluronic acid, while sulfated GAGs include chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, heparan sulfate, and heparin. GAGs are in the structure of the basal lamina of the urethra, and damage to the GAG layer can affect the basal functions of the urothelium (17,18). This process may result in the bladder surface being exposed to microcrystals, proteins, calcium, toxic metabolic products, and carcinogens of the urine (19).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Role of urine glycosaminoglycan levels in the diagnosis and follow-up in men with lower urinary tract symptoms

Aydin,

Sekerci,

Kocakgol

et al. 2024

Arch Ital Urol Androl

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Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate whether urinary glycosaminoglycans (GAG) levels reflect clinical status in men with lower urinary tract symptoms and if they could be used as a marker in management of overactive bladder (OAB). Methods: A total of 34 patients were recruited who were admitted with LUTS and diagnosed as having clinically bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) due to prostate enlargement. These newly diagnosed, never treated patients underwent routine investigation, consisting of history, physical examination, PSA, ultrasound, uroflowmetry, assessment of symptoms scored by both International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and Marmara- Overactive Bladder Questionnaire (M-OBQ). The patients were divided into two groups as those with an initial M-OBQ score < 12 (group 1) and ≥ 13 (group 2). Alfa blocker was initiated in eligible patients. Further evaluations included prostate volume measurement, pre- and post-treatment urinary GAG levels, IPSS and M-QAOB values and maximum urine flow rate (Qmax). Results: Before treatment, urinary GAG level was 21.5 mg/gCr (6.1-45.5) in Group 1, and 23.35 mg/gCr (15.6-32.6) in Group 2 (p =0.845). After the treatment, the GAG level in Group 1 and Group 2 were found to be 19.8 mg/gCr (7.4-70.5) and 18 (7.6- 41.7), respectively (p = 0.511). No difference in GAG levels was found in subgroup analysis for patients with or without OAB. Conclusions: In recent years, there have been many studies investigating the relationship between LUTS and urinary markers. However, in our prospective study, no relationship was found between pre- and post- treatment urinary GAG levels in patients with LUTS with or without OAB.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of urine glycosaminoglycan levels in the diagnosis and follow-up in men with lower urinary tract symptoms

Aydin,

Sekerci,

Kocakgol

et al. 2024

Arch Ital Urol Androl

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“…Due to metabolic abnormalities, crystals such as uric acid and calcium oxalate (CaOx) accumulate in the renal pelvis or calyces of patients' urine, resulting in stone formation. It has been found that the type and content of GAGs in urine may be closely related to the formation process of renal calculi [253][254][255]. Some earlier studies demonstrated that CS and HS inhibited the formation of kidney stones, while HA promoted stone formation and growth [256][257][258].…”

Section: Gags In Other Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Alterations and Roles of Glycosaminoglycans in Human Diseases

Wang

2022

Polymers

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Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a heterogeneous family of linear polysaccharides which are composed of a repeating disaccharide unit. They are also linked to core proteins to form proteoglycans (PGs). GAGs/PGs are major components of the cell surface and the extracellular matrix (ECM), and they display critical roles in development, normal function, and damage response in the body. Some properties (such as expression quantity, molecular weight, and sulfation pattern) of GAGs may be altered under pathological conditions. Due to the close connection between these properties and the function of GAGs/PGs, the alterations are often associated with enormous changes in the physiological/pathological status of cells and organs. Therefore, these GAGs/PGs may serve as marker molecules of disease. This review aimed to investigate the structural alterations and roles of GAGs/PGs in a range of diseases, such as atherosclerosis, cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative disease, and virus infection. It is hoped to provide a reference for disease diagnosis, monitoring, prognosis, and drug development.

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“…The bladder urothelium provides a protective barrier against the penetration of toxic agents, urine, and bacteria. The glycosaminoglycan (GAG) layer consists of a thick mucus layer of glycoproteins and proteoglycans on the surface of the urothelial cells [ 13 ]. The main components of this superficial layer are chondroitin sulfate (CS) and hyaluronic acid (HA).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral Preparation of Hyaluronic Acid, Chondroitin Sulfate, Curcumin, and Quercetin (Ialuril® Soft Gels) for the Prevention of LUTS after Intravesical Chemotherapy

et al. 2022

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Intravesical chemotherapy may cause chemical cystitis and related lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). The aims of this study were to evaluate the efficacy and safety of an oral preparation of hyaluronic acid (HA), chondroitin sulfate (CS), curcumin, and quercetin (Ialuril® Soft Gels) to reduce the severity of LUTS in patients with a history of bladder cancer (BCa) undergoing intravesical chemotherapy. We designed a monocentric, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial. Patients referred to our institute between November 2016 and March 2018 were enrolled. All subjects had non-muscle-invasive BCa and received intravesical chemotherapy with mitomycin C (MMC). Patients were randomized 1:1 in two groups (intervention vs. control). All subjects underwent oral administration (Ialuril® Soft Gels or placebo) starting one week before the first weekly instillation and ending 30 days after the last one, subsequently starting one week before each monthly instillation and ending 14 days after it. International prostate symptom score (IPSS) and 0-100 visual analogue scale (VAS) were used to assess the efficacy of the treatment. Adverse events were also described. Patients were evaluated at baseline and after 1, 4, 7, and 13 months of intravesical chemotherapy. A total of 34 patients were enrolled. The median IPSS score was significantly lower in the intervention group compared to the control group at 4 (13 vs. 17 points; p = 0.038), 7 (10 vs. 18 points; p < 0.001), and 13 (10 vs. 17 points; p = 0.002) months. The median VAS score was significantly lower in the intervention group compared to the control group at 7 (22 vs. 37 points; p = 0.021) and 13 (20 vs. 35 points; p = 0.024) months. No AE specifically related to supplement or placebo was recorded. Oral formulation of HA, CS, quercetin, and curcumin could be an effective and safe supportive therapy against chemical cystitis in patients receiving intravesical chemotherapy for BCa.

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Urine and serum glycosaminoglycan levels in the diagnosis of urological diseases and conditions: A narrative review of the literature

Cited by 6 publications

References 90 publications

Role of urine glycosaminoglycan levels in the diagnosis and follow-up in men with lower urinary tract symptoms

Role of urine glycosaminoglycan levels in the diagnosis and follow-up in men with lower urinary tract symptoms

The Alterations and Roles of Glycosaminoglycans in Human Diseases

Oral Preparation of Hyaluronic Acid, Chondroitin Sulfate, Curcumin, and Quercetin (Ialuril® Soft Gels) for the Prevention of LUTS after Intravesical Chemotherapy

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