Urinary monitoring of saccharin and acesulfame-K as biomarkers of exposure to these additives

Abstract

A method was developed to determine the levels of two intense sweeteners, saccharin and acesulfame-K, in human urine. Measurement of these two analytes in urine allowed an assessment to be made of dietary exposure to the sweeteners using intake/excretion curves. This paper describes an intake/excretion study in which 22 volunteers consumed known amounts of saccharin and acesulfame-K at five different levels ranging between 1.4 and 70 mg of saccharin (0.7-30% of the ADI for a 60 kg person) and 2.2-102 mg of acesulfame-K (0.4-19% of the ADI for a 60 kg person). Urine collections were then carried out by the volunteers for 24 h after each dose. The data obtained from this study were used to construct intake/excretion curves for both sweeteners. To test the methodology developed, 188 volunteers aged between 3 and 74 years were asked to carry out a 24-h urine collection whilst keeping a 48-h food diary. Comparison of the intake data obtained using the biomarker approach with the questionnaire-based results was generally good, although discrepancies due to the format and assessment of the questionnaire data were noticed.

Validation of urinary trichloroacetic acid as a biomarker of exposure to drinking water disinfection by-products

“…The result suggested that adjustment of creatinine to correct the excretion of urinary TCAA did not improve the results of the validity analysis for this study group, and either urinary TCAA concentrations or Cr-a concentrations can be interchangeable measures of urinary TCAA excretion for this study group. Some studies have reported that the correction of the excretion of some compounds for urinary creatinine improved biological monitoring to a limited extent(Edwards et al 1969;Bailey & De Wardener 1970;Curtis & Fogel 1970;Greenblatt et al 1976;Wilson & Crews 1995).Urinary Cr-a concentration is commonly used for spot urine samples like the FMU samples. Many factors such as age, gender, race, health conditions and sample collection time can influence its validity.…”

Sweet Taste Receptor Activation in the Gut Is of Limited Importance for Glucose-Stimulated GLP-1 and GIP Secretion

“…Interestingly, intra-luminal acesulfame K increased GLP-1 secretion by 1.5-fold, which is in contrast to the results of a previous study by our group [7], but may be explained by the fact that in this study a five-times higher concentration was applied. Along this notation, the reason why luminal acesulfame K, but not sucralose and stevioside, stimulated GLP-1 secretion may be explained by the fact that a given dose of acesulfame K is completely recovered in the urine [42]. Therefore, it may be absorbed by the enterocytes in non-metabolized form and acts on the basolateral side of the L-cells in contrast to sucralose and stevioside, which are either incompletely absorbed or are metabolized by the bacteria in the colon and then absorbed [43,44].…”

Understanding the metabolic and health effects of low-calorie sweeteners: methodological considerations and implications for future research

“…While all LCS are highly sweet compounds, each LCS is chemically distinct (Table 1). Importantly, some LCS such as aspartame are metabolized rapidly after ingestion [52], whereas other LCS such as saccharin are absorbed and excreted in the urine unchanged [53]. Meanwhile, the majority of sucralose is not absorbed but excreted in the feces [54].…”