2022
DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.892067
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Urinary Markers for Bladder Cancer Diagnosis and Monitoring

Abstract: Hematuria is a typical symptom of bladder cancer which enables early detection of bladder cancer. However, reliable diagnostic tools for bladder cancer using urine samples or other non-invasive methods are lacking. Tremendous attempts have been tried and revealed fancy works to convey definitive diagnostic power using urine samples. In this paper, we reviewed urinary markers for bladder cancer and compared their efficacies.

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Cited by 10 publications
(6 citation statements)
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“…An example is Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA), which is a protein produced by the prostate gland, whose elevated urinary levels may indicate prostate cancer [ 79 ]. Other biomarkers that are being studied for their potential use in the detection and monitoring of cancer include Human Epididymis Protein 4 (HE4) for ovarian cancer [ 103 ], Bladder Tumor Antigen (BTA) for bladder cancer [ 104 ], and Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) for various types of cancer, such as MMP-9 for breast cancer [ 105 ].…”
Section: Urine Proteins Biomarkersmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…An example is Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA), which is a protein produced by the prostate gland, whose elevated urinary levels may indicate prostate cancer [ 79 ]. Other biomarkers that are being studied for their potential use in the detection and monitoring of cancer include Human Epididymis Protein 4 (HE4) for ovarian cancer [ 103 ], Bladder Tumor Antigen (BTA) for bladder cancer [ 104 ], and Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) for various types of cancer, such as MMP-9 for breast cancer [ 105 ].…”
Section: Urine Proteins Biomarkersmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Commonly used methods for evaluating suspected BC patients include cystoscopy, urine cytology, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [32]. Cystoscopy, an invasive procedure, involves the insertion of a small tube into the bladder through the urethra to thoroughly examine and detect any potential abnormalities [33]. The sensitivity and specificity levels reported for cystoscopy range from 68 to 100% and 83 to 97%, respectively [33,34].…”
Section: Diagnosis and Prognosismentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The gold standard for clinical diagnosis is a costly invasive procedure that causes uncomfortable such as abdominal pain, and urgent and more frequent urination to patients [ 113 ]. To improve a patient’s quality of life and reduce the costs of cancer diagnosis, numerous researchers have been efforts to apply non-invasive diagnostic tests to find promising urinary cancer biomarkers such as cytokeratin-19, telomerase, and especially nuclear matrix protein-22 (NMP-22) [ 114 ]…”
Section: Detecting Other Biomolecules In Urine Samplementioning
confidence: 99%