2017
DOI: 10.1089/thy.2017.0158
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Urinary Iodine, Perchlorate, and Thiocyanate Concentrations in U.S. Lactating Women

Abstract: Lactating women in three U.S. geographic regions are iodine sufficient with an overall median UIC of 143 μg/L. Given ubiquitous exposure to perchlorate and thiocyanate, adequate iodine nutrition should be emphasized, along with consideration to decrease these exposures in lactating women to protect developing infants.

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Cited by 12 publications
(6 citation statements)
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“…We found similar median concentrations for maternal urinary thiocyanate and nitrate in this study and in our previously published work including non-lactating and non-pregnant women ( 15 ). Interestingly, the median maternal urinary thiocyanate concentrations (274 μg/L) in our study were relatively lower than the U.S. lactating women (514 μg/L) ( 27 ). We believe this discrepancy is not related to the number of active smokers in the study groups since only a few women actively smoked in both groups during lactation.…”
Section: Discussioncontrasting
confidence: 77%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…We found similar median concentrations for maternal urinary thiocyanate and nitrate in this study and in our previously published work including non-lactating and non-pregnant women ( 15 ). Interestingly, the median maternal urinary thiocyanate concentrations (274 μg/L) in our study were relatively lower than the U.S. lactating women (514 μg/L) ( 27 ). We believe this discrepancy is not related to the number of active smokers in the study groups since only a few women actively smoked in both groups during lactation.…”
Section: Discussioncontrasting
confidence: 77%
“…We found that median urinary perchlorate concentration in Turkish lactating women (3.89 μg/L) was relatively higher than in the U.S. lactating women [3.0 μg/L ( 26 ), 3.1 μg/L ( 27 )]. This result is consistent with our previously published work, in which we evaluated urinary perchlorate concentrations in non-pregnant and non-lactating women and found that median urinary perchlorate concentration (6.4 μg/L) was more than twice as high as the median concentration found in U.S. women (2.9 μg/L) ( 15 , 16 ).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 83%
“…It is a common contaminant of foods and drinking water, and lactating women may be exposed through diet ( 289 ). Data in lactating women report a positive association between urinary concentrations of perchlorate and iodine ( 290 ), whereas the fractional excretion in breast milk is higher for perchlorate than for iodine ( 245 , 268 ). Although human data provide limited support for an inhibiting effect of perchlorate on BMIC, the studies are small and inconclusive ( 245 , 279 , 291-293 ).…”
Section: Iodine In Human Milkmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Thiocyanate exposure is a strong risk factor for goiter ( 298 , 299 ), but likely secondary to iodine deficiency and at high thiocyanate intakes and inadequate protein nutrition ( 300 ). Urinary thiocyanate concentration positively correlates with UIC in lactating women ( 290 ), but a study conducted in cassava-eating mothers observed no correlation with thiocyanate concentration in maternal serum and breast milk ( 301 ). Thiocyanate excretion in human milk appears to be limited, indicated by low fractional excretion ( 268 , 300 ).…”
Section: Iodine In Human Milkmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Chronic consumption of ClO 4 − in adults has been estimated as high as 0.07 to 0.34 µg/Kg of body weight per day in Europe [70], and 0.2 to 0.4 µg/Kg of body weight per day in the USA [74]. Despite ClO 4 − consumption being generally below the level of recommended reference dose in adults [75], it may become critical, especially in some categories, such as children, high sensitive patients, cigarette smokers, iodine deficient people, and pregnant and breast feeding women as well [76][77][78]. Indeed, the inhibition of I uptake and any potential downstream effects induced by ClO 4 − are strictly dependent on the exposure to other environmental NIS inhibitors, such as thiocyanates and nitrates, and iodine intake itself [79].…”
Section: Chronic Esposure To Perchlorate Compounds By Food and Drinkimentioning
confidence: 99%