Urinary excretion of phenols as an indicator of occupational exposure in the coke-plant industry

Bieniek, G

doi:10.1007/s004200050227

Cited by 22 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The health risk of occupational exposure to toluene, xylene, and naphthalene estimated by the determination of the o-cresol, methylhippuric acid, and 1-and 2-naphthol in urine of workers has been shown in several studies [Hasegawa et al, 1983;Lundberg and Sollenberg, 1986;Heikkilä et al, 1995;Bieniek, 1997aBieniek, , 1997b. Concentrations of these metabolites in urine vary in rather wide ranges.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…For toluene, xylene isomers, naphthalene, and their urinary metabolites, correlation coefficients are low and range from 0.51 to 0.67. We have recently demonstrated the relation between exposure to o-cresol and naphthalene and urinary excretion of o-cresol and naphthols in coke plant workers [Bieniek, 1997a[Bieniek, , 1997b. The presence of o-cresol in the urine of workers might be due to the exposure to o-cresol as well as toluene [Tardif et al, 1991;Nise, 1992].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Aromatic and polycyclic hydrocarbons in air and their urinary metabolites in coke plant workers

Bieniek¹

1998

Am. J. Ind. Med.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Aromatic and polycyclic hydrocarbons in air and their urinary metabolites in coke plant workers

Bieniek¹

1998

Am. J. Ind. Med.

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“…o-Cresol (76.9 mg/L) and p-Cresol (58.6 mg/L) were detected in the urine of workers employed in the distillation of the high temperature phenolic fraction of tar (carbolic oil) and in nonexposed workers at 68.1 g/L (o-Cresol) and 25.7 mg/L (p-Cresol). Bieniek (1997) assayed m-Cresol, o-Cresol and p-Cresol from human urine by GC-MS. All subjects were male smokers exposed mainly to phenol, Cresols, xylenols, and other phenolic derivatives while employed in the distillation of carbolic oil.…”

Section: General Biology Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Sodium p -Chloro- m -Cresol, p -Chloro- m -Cresol, Chlorothymol, Mixed Cresols, m -Cresol, o -Cresol, p -Cresol, Isopropyl Cresols, Thymol, o -Cymen-5-ol, and Carvacrol1

2006

Int J Toxicol

103

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Sodium p-Chloro-m-Cresol, p-Chloro-m-Cresol (PCMC), Mixed Cresols, m-Cresol, o-Cresol, p-Cresol, Isopropyl Cresols, Thymol, Chlorothymol, o-Cymen-5-ol, and Carvacrol are substituted phenols used as cosmetic biocides/preservatives and/or fragrance ingredients. Only PCMC, Thymol, and o-Cymen-5-ol are reported to be in current use, with the highest concentration of use at 0.5% for o-Cymen-5-ol in perfumes. The use of PCMC in cosmetics is restricted in Europe and Japan. Cresols can be absorbed through skin, the respiratory tract, and the digestive tract; metabolized by the liver; and excreted by the kidney as glucuronide and sulfate metabolites. Several of these cresols increase the dermal penetration of other agents, including azidothymidine. In acute oral toxicity studies, LD50 values were in the 200 to 5000 mg/kg day-1 range across several species. In short-term studies in rats and mice, an o-Cresol, m-Cresol, p-Cresol or m-Cresol/p-Cresol mixture at 30,000 ppm in the diet produced increases in liver and kidney weights, deficits in liver function, bone marrow hypocellularity, irritation to the gastrointestinal tract and nasal epithelia, and atrophy of female reproductive organs. The no observed effect levels (NOEL) of o-Cresol was 240 mg/kg in mink and 778 mg/kg in ferrets in short-term feeding studies, with no significant dose-related toxicity (excluding body weight parameters). In mice, 0.5% p-Cresol, but neither m-Cresol nor o-Cresol, caused loss of pigmentation. Short-term and subchronic oral toxicity tests performed with various cresols using mice, rats, hamsters, and rabbits resulted in no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) for mice of 625 ppm and rats of 50 mg/kg day-1, although the NOEL was 2000 ppm in a chronic study using rats. In rabbits, < or =160 mg/kg PCMC was found to produce irritation and erythema, but no systemic effects. Hamsters dosed with 1.5% p-Cresol in diet for 20 weeks had a greater incidence of mild and moderate forestomach hyperplasia as compared to the control. Acute inhalation toxicity studies using rats yielded LC50 values ranging from >20 mg/m(3) for o-Cresol to >583 mg/m(3) for PCMC. No deaths were recorded in mice given o-Cresol at 50 mg/m(3). Cats exposed (short-term) to 9 to 50 mg/m(3) of o-Cresol developed inflammation and irritation of the upper respiratory tract, pulmonary edema, and hemorrhage and perivascular sclerosis in the lungs. Rats exposed (subchronic) to o-Cresol at 9 mg/m(3) had changes in leukocytes, spinal cord smears, nervous activity, liver function, blood effects, clinical signs, and neurological effects. In guinea pigs, exposure to 9 mg/m(3) produced changes in hemoglobin concentrations and electrocardiograms (EKGs). Rats exposed (subchronic) to 0.05 mg/m(3) Mixed Cresols by inhalation exhibited central nervous system (CNS) excitation, denaturation of lung protein, and decreased weight gain. All cresols appear to be ocular irritants. Numerous sensitization studies have been reported and most positive reactions were seen with higher concentrations of Cresol...

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“…According to the earlier literature data, phenols 18) and naphthols 19) were determined quantitatively in the urine of coke plant workers. In our study, we made an effort to identify compounds not detected earlier.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational Exposure to Aromatic Hydrocarbons at a Coke Plant: Part I. Identification of Hydrocarbons in Air and their Metabolites in Urine by a Gas Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry Method

Bieniek

Kurkiewicz

Wilczok

2004

Journal of Occupational Health

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University of Silesia, Poland-A method for the qualitative analysis of aromatic hydrocarbons in air and their various urinary metabolites is presented. The air was sampled in charcoal tubes and extracted with carbon disulfide. The hydrocarbons were identified as being aliphatic hydrocarbons (C 9 -C 19 ), aromatic hydrocarbons and heterocyclic compounds. The urinary metabolites after enzymatic hydrolysis were analyzed by solid-phase extraction with a styrened i v i n y l b e n z e n e r e s i n , s i l y l a t i o n w i t h N , Obis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide and GC/MS for separation and detection. Satisfactory separation of all compounds investigated was achieved without interference due to matrix peaks. The following compounds were identified in the urine of workers: dimethylphenol isomers, 4-ethyl-1,3-benzenediol, 2-ethoxybenzoic acid and methoxyphenols. Trimethylsilyl d e r i v a t i v e s o f a r o m a t i c h y d r o x y a c i d s a n d hydroxymethoxyacids were found in the urine of occupationally exposed workers by means of a silylation procedure.

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Urinary excretion of phenols as an indicator of occupational exposure in the coke-plant industry

Abstract: We have found that the presence of o-cresol and xylenol isomers in urine can be used as a biomarker for phenol exposure. Analysis performed on workers at the tar-distillation process showed that they were exposed to relatively low concentrations of phenolic compounds.

Cited by 22 publications

References 19 publications

Aromatic and polycyclic hydrocarbons in air and their urinary metabolites in coke plant workers

Aromatic and polycyclic hydrocarbons in air and their urinary metabolites in coke plant workers

Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Sodium p -Chloro- m -Cresol, p -Chloro- m -Cresol, Chlorothymol, Mixed Cresols, m -Cresol, o -Cresol, p -Cresol, Isopropyl Cresols, Thymol, o -Cymen-5-ol, and Carvacrol1

Occupational Exposure to Aromatic Hydrocarbons at a Coke Plant: Part I. Identification of Hydrocarbons in Air and their Metabolites in Urine by a Gas Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry Method

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