Urinary excretion of glucocorticoids in the diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism in cats

Goossens, Mariëlle M.C.; Meyer, H.; Voorhout, George; Sprang, E.P.M.

doi:10.1016/0739-7240(95)00046-h

Cited by 54 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…In feline species, cortisol has been identified as the most important naturally occurring glucocorticoid [Goossens et al, 1995] and is a product of the HPA-axis. Immune-reactive (IR) cortisol can be extracted from feces [Schatz and Palme, 2001;Graham and Brown, 1996] and used as an effective indicator of levels in the body [Mostl and Palme, 2002].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of transport stress on tiger physiology and behavior

2004

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Tigers are often transported for education, conservation, and zoo enhancement purposes, however the effect of transfer on them has not yet been documented. Our objective was to evaluate how transport affects the behavior and physiology of tigers, taking into account previous experience with the transport procedure. We simulated transport by relocating five tigers in a small individual transfer cage. Two tigers had prior experience with the procedure, and three tigers were naı¨ve to it. After 30 min, each tiger was released back into their original enclosure. Physiological measurements were recorded for four of the five tigers; these included respiration rate and immune-reactive fecal cortisol response using radioimmunoassay. We also recorded the behavior of all five tigers before, during, and after transport. Our behavioral analysis included activity level, pacing behavior, time spent investigating, respiration rate, and ear position. Average respiration rates of all tigers increased from 56.1 breaths/min to 94.6 breaths/min during transport and to 132.3 breaths/min 10 min following release into their enclosures. Average immune-reactive cortisol concentrations peaked 3-6 days after transport at 239% above baseline and returned to baseline levels 9-12 days afterward. During their peak time block, naı¨ve tigers exhibited a higher average increase in cortisol levels (482% above baseline) than the experienced tigers (158% above baseline). The naı¨ve tigers' average immune-reactive cortisol concentration remained elevated for a longer period (9-12 days) than the experienced tigers' (3-6 days). In both groups, behavioral responses ranged from active to inactive, however naı¨ve tigers performed these repertoires with greater intensity by pacing faster and performing fewer state changes. Results suggest that prior exposure to elements of the transport procedure may lead to some level of habituation, thus reducing the effects of transportation stress.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of transport stress on tiger physiology and behavior

2004

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“…More than 400 genetic diseases are known in purebred dogs (11). Breeders and owners of dogs, veterinarians, kennel clubs, animal welfare associations, and governments are paying special attention to genetic diseases in dogs, which might be a reflection of the increasing frequency of genetic diseases in dog populations (17).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endocrinology: Hyperaldosteronism in a cat with metastasised adrenocortical tumour

Rijnberk

Voorhout

Kooistra³

et al. 2001

Veterinary Quarterly

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Laboratory examination revealed hypohalaemia (1.6 mmol/1; reference range 3.4-5.7 mmo1/1) and echocardiographic findings seemed to be compatible with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Potassium suppletion, first intravenously and then orally, and treatment with the (13-blocking agent atenolol (Tenormin®, Zeneca;6.25 mg once daily) and acetylsalicylic acid (40 mg twice daily) resulted in good recovery. On 29 June, 3 weeks after stopping potassium suppletion and atenolol, the cat was presented to the owner's veterinarian for weakness in the hind legs. The cat was not lethargic and was eating and drinking normally. The history of cardiomyopathy raised the possibility of complicating thromboembolism. A saddle thrombus at the distal aortic trifurcation was considered unlikely because the femoral pulses were easily palpated and the footpads of the hind legs were warm and pink. The previous treatment was resumed but the dose of acetylsalicylic acid was lowered to twice weekly 25 mg. The cat did well on this regimen but the plasma concentrations of potassium remained low. When potassium gluconate (Tumil Ke, Aesculaap by, Boxtel, NL) was given orally in a dose of 2 mmol four times daily, the plasma potassium concentration remained s 2.2 mmo1/1. On 1 September the cat collapsed again, even though the potassium supplementation had been increased to 2 mmol six times daily for 2 weeks. In addition to muscular weakness, there was mydriasis, restlessness, and panting. Potassium concentrations in plasma ranged from 1.9 to 2.1 mmo1/1. An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (once daily 1 mg enalapril, Enalfor®, Mycofarm) was added to the treatment. The cat recovered but the plasma potassium concentration remained at the same low level. Hyperadrenocorticism was excluded as the cause of the muscular weakness by the finding that the basal urinary corticoid/creatinine ratio (average on two consecutive days: 24 x 10-6) was below the upper limit of the reference range (37 x 10-6) (11) and the urinary corticoid/creatinine ratio was readily suppressed (to 3.0 x 10-6 ) following three oral doses of 0.5 mg dexamethasone. A possible relation to hyperthyroidism (21) was excluded by the finding of a normal plasma thyroxine concentration (29 nmi51/1).Between the episodes of muscular weakness the cat's condition and behaviour were unremarkable but in search of an explanation for the persistent hypokalaemia the cat was referred to the Utrecht University Clinic for Companion Animals in September 1998. HYPERALDOSTERONISM IN A CAT WITH METASTASISED ADRENOCORTICAL TUMOURA.Rijnberk1,6, G. Voorhout2, H.S. Kooistra1, R.J.M. van der Waarden3, F.J. van Sluijs1, J. Uzer4, P. Boer5, and W.H. Boer5 Vet Quart 2001; 23: 38-43 Accepted for publication: January 10, 2000. SUMMARYIn a 12-year-old male shorthaired cat with attacks of hypokalaemic muscular weakness in spite of oral potassium supplementation, highly elevated plasma aldosterone concentrations in combination with low plasma renin activity pointed to primary hyperaldosteronism. Ultrasonography and ...

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“…Cushingoid cats have a higher cortisol/creatinine ratio than healthy cats. 30 However, abnormal test results have been seen in cats with nonadrenal illness, making the cortisol/creatinine ratio useful only as a screening mechanism. 36 The ACTH stimulation test is probably the best test for diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism in the cat.…”

Section: Feline Hyperadrenocorticismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cobalt irradiation has been used successfully in cases of macroadenomas to reduce the size of the pituitary tumor. 30,31 Although cobalt therapy can reduce the size of the tumor and ameliorate neurologic complications, it does not appear to decrease pituitary ACTH secretion. Therefore, mitotane or ketoconazole therapy must be used concurrently.…”

Section: Pituitary-dependent Hyperadrenocorticismmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Skin

Merchant¹

2004

Geriatrics &Amp; Gerontology of the Dog and Cat

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Urinary excretion of glucocorticoids in the diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism in cats

Cited by 54 publications

References 15 publications

The effects of transport stress on tiger physiology and behavior

The effects of transport stress on tiger physiology and behavior

Endocrinology: Hyperaldosteronism in a cat with metastasised adrenocortical tumour

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