Urinary Excretion of Acid Phosphatase

Single-step colorimetric detection of acid phosphatase in human urine using an oxidase-mimic platinum nanozyme

“…It has been presumed that the mid-stream urine, which has 2-7 times lower ACP concentration than the first and the final part, is reasonably free of prostatic secretions and therefore almost entirely contains renal excretion. 4 Therefore, sampling of specific portions of the urine offers an opportunity to selectively determine the concentrations of ACP released by the prostate and kidney. This could be important as the concentrations of prostatic and renal ACP could act as biomarkers for different diseases.…”

“…1 The change in the physiological concentration of ACP is regarded as a potential biomarker for the prognosis of several diseases, such as prostate cancer, hyperparathyroidism, Gaucher's disease, and bone-related disorders including Paget's disease. 2,3 Although serum is the most commonly used biological fluid for the detection of ACP, 4 urine could act not only as a non-invasive alternative for ACP detection but also as a more powerful alternative with the ability to differentiate between prostatic and renal ACP. Urine is a rich source of ACP not only due to prostatic secretions in males but also from kidney excretions in general, more specifically by the glomerulus.…”

“…Urine is a rich source of ACP not only due to prostatic secretions in males but also from kidney excretions in general, more specifically by the glomerulus. 4,5 However, the amount the urinary ACP that is excreted is dependent on the age, sex, and health condition of an individual. Young healthy men were found to excrete up to 4-6 times more urinary ACP than elderly men or women of all ages.…”

“…Men and women suffering from carcinoma of the prostate and breast, respectively, were observed to excrete lesser urinary ACP despite elevated serum ACP levels. 4,6 The deterioration of renal function was also reported to be accompanied by a decrease in excretion of urinary ACP. 4 Conversely, active proliferative glomerulonephritis was seen to cause elevated urinary ACP excretion, and a variation in urinary ACP levels for various renal diseases was reported.…”

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“…Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (AST; EC 2.6.1.1) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (ALT; EC 2.6.1.2) were measured by the method of Reitman and Frankel (1957). Alkaline phosphatase (AlP) (AlP; EC 3.1.3.1), acid phosphatase (AcP) (AcP; EC 3.1.3.2), and gammaglutamyltransferase (γ-GT) (γ-GT; EC 2.3.2.2) were measured according to the described methods by Belfield and Goldberg, Daniel et al, and Persijin, and Van der Slike [22][23][24], respectively. Catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6) was determined according to the method described by Sinha [25].…”