Urinary creatinine excretion and lean body mass

Forbes, Gilbert B.; Bruining, G. J.

doi:10.1093/ajcn/29.12.1359

Cited by 449 publications

(193 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…This method generates juvenile growth trajectories that closely approximate those produced using conventional body weights (43,49). Creatinine production is specifically diagnostic of muscle mass (44,46,47,(74)(75)(76)(77), one dimension of overall body size. It is possible that there is important variance in fat mass or long bone growth not accounted for in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Faster reproductive rates trade off against offspring growth in wild chimpanzees

Thompson

Muller

Sabbi

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Life history theory predicts a trade-off between offspring quality and quantity. Among large-bodied mammals, prolonged lactation and infant dependence suggest particularly strong potential for a qualityquantity trade-off to exist. Humans are one of the only such species to have been examined, providing mixed evidence under a peculiar set of circumstances, including extensive nutritional provisioning by nonmothers and extrasomatic wealth transmission. Here, we examine trade-offs between reproductive rate and one aspect of offspring quality (body size) in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii), a species with long periods of infant dependence and little direct provisioning. Juvenile lean body mass, estimated using urinary creatinine excretion, was positively associated with the interval to the next sibling's birth. These effects persisted into adolescence and were not moderated by maternal identity. Maternal depletion could not explain poor offspring growth, as older mothers had larger offspring, and low maternal energy balance during lactation predicted larger, not smaller, juvenile size. Instead, our data suggest that offspring growth suffers when mothers wean early to invest in new reproductive efforts. These findings indicate that chimpanzee mothers with the resources to do so prioritize production of new offspring over prolonged investment in current offspring.life history | growth | reproduction | primates | weaning P arents face a fundamental life-history trade-off between producing more offspring and investing in the quality of each progeny (1-4). This offspring quality-quantity trade-off, along with a trade-off between reproductive investment and parental survival, means that maximizing reproductive rates is often not the strategy that maximizes fitness (5-7). The quality-quantity trade-off has been empirically demonstrated in species that produce litters or clutches, where large litter size often leads to small offspring size, slow growth rates, and reduced survival, particularly under conditions of ecological stress (8-11). Comparative analyses also support a negative interspecific relationship between reproductive rate and offspring size (12, 13). The quality-quantity trade-off has rarely been examined in species for which single births are the norm, and for which reproductive rate is determined by the interval between successive births. Such species are important tests of the model, as a slow breeding strategy suggests a particularly potent trade-off between offspring investment and reproductive rate. Understanding how individuals negotiate this trade-off can provide important insights into the evolution of reproductive biology and behavior.Data on humans are valuable because humans invest intensively in offspring, yet have highly variable reproductive rates. Many studies find the predicted negative relationship between reproductive rates and offspring growth or health (14-18) or demonstrate fitness maximization at intermediate levels of fertility (19-21). For example, when a water tap was ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Faster reproductive rates trade off against offspring growth in wild chimpanzees

Thompson

Muller

Sabbi

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Changes in lean body mass may also be estimated from changes in urinary creatinine excretion. From the equation of Forbes and Bruining, 38 the mean increase in urinary creatinine excretion of 0.71 mmol/day would correspond to an increase in lean body mass of 2.3 kg/day. The absence of clinical signs of edema supported that the increase in lean body mass, measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, actually reflected an increase in muscle mass.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glucagon-like peptide 2 improves nutrient absorption and nutritional status in short-bowel patients with no colon

et al. 2001

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Background & Aims: Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) is intestinotrophic, antisecretory, and transit-modulating in rodents, and it is mainly secreted from the intestinal mucosa of the terminal ileum and colon after food ingestion. We assessed the effect of GLP-2 on the gastrointestinal function in patients without a terminal ileum and colon who have functional short-bowel syndrome with severe malabsorption of wet weight (>1.5 kg/day) and energy (>2.3 MJ/day) and no postprandial secretion of GLP-2. Methods: Balance studies were performed before and after treatment with GLP-2, 400 g subcutaneously twice a day for 35 days, in 8 patients (4 -17 years from last bowel resection; 6 with Crohn's disease). Four patients received home parenteral nutrition (mean residual jejunum, 83 cm), and 4 did not (mean ileum resection, 106 cm). Biopsy specimens were taken from jejunal/ileal stomas, transit was measured by scintigraphy, and body composition was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Results: Treatment with GLP-2 improved the intestinal absorption of energy 3.5% ؎ 4.0% (mean ؎ SD) from 49.9% to 53.4% (P ‫؍‬ 0.04), wet weight 11% ؎ 12% from 25% to 36% (P ‫؍‬ 0.04), and nitrogen 4.7% ؎ 5.4% from 47.4% to 52.1% (P ‫؍‬ 0.04). Body weight increased 1.2 ؎ 1.0 kg (P ‫؍‬ 0.01), lean body mass increased 2.9 ؎ 1.9 kg (P ‫؍‬ 0.004), fat mass decreased 1.8 ؎ 1.3 kg (P ‫؍‬ 0.007), and 24-hour urine creatinine excretion increased (P ‫؍‬ 0.02). The time to 50% gastric emptying of solids increased 30 ؎ 16 minutes from 89 to 119 minutes (P < 0.05). Small bowel transit time was not changed. Crypt depth and villus height were increased in 5 and 6 patients, respectively. Conclusions: Treatment with GLP-2 improves intestinal absorption and nutritional status in short-bowel patients with impaired postprandial GLP-2 secretion in whom the terminal ileum and the colon have been resected.

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“…Twenty-four hour urinary creatinine excretion is strongly correlated with lean body mass (LBM). In one study, where LBM was calculated by estimating total body potassium, a correlation coefficient of 0.988 was found between LBM (measured in either sex) and urinary creatinine excretion (Forbes & Bruining, 1976). Other studies cited by Forbes and Bruining (1976) reported correlation coefficients of between 0.72 and 0.99 for LBM, but weight appears to be less well correlated.…”

Section: Measures Of Completeness Of 24-hour Urine Collectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In one study, where LBM was calculated by estimating total body potassium, a correlation coefficient of 0.988 was found between LBM (measured in either sex) and urinary creatinine excretion (Forbes & Bruining, 1976). Other studies cited by Forbes and Bruining (1976) reported correlation coefficients of between 0.72 and 0.99 for LBM, but weight appears to be less well correlated. Bleiler and Schedl (1962) reported a correlation coefficient of 0.5 between estimates of metabolically-effective tissue derived from functions of body weight, and creatinine excretion.…”

Section: Measures Of Completeness Of 24-hour Urine Collectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does dietary salt induce autoimmunity?

Croxford

Waisman

2013

Cell Res

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Sodium intakes of different populations around the world became of interest to the medical research community with the publication of Dahl's famous graph showing a positive straightline relationship of dietary sodium intake to prevalence of hypertension. At that time populations were identified around the world with vastly different sodium intakes (and rates of hypertension) ranging up to about 10.6 g/d sodium (460 mmol/d) in north-east Japan. Dietary survey methods tend to underestimate sodium intakes and timed 24-hour urinary sodium excretion is considered the "gold standard" method to estimate intake (some 85-90% of ingested sodium is excreted through the kidneys). However, there is also some evidence to suggest that spot ( Belgium and Japan where there have been public health campaigns to lower sodium in the community, for the most part mean sodium intakes have not changed much over the past 20 or more years. Sodium intakes tend to be higher in men than women, reflecting their higher food and energy intakes. Data in children and young people suggest higher intakes in boys than girls and at older ages in both sexes, but there are serious methodological difficulties in obtaining reliable and valid dietary data in this age group. For all countries for which recent data are available, dietary sodium intakes are much higher than the physiological need of 10-20 mmol/d (230-460 mg/d). In industrialized countries, about 75% of sodium in the diet comes from manufactured foods and foods eaten away from home. Some children's foods are extremely high in sodium. In Asian countries, high proportions of sodium in the diet come from salt added in cooking and from sauces such as soy and miso (in Japan).Representative samples of around 100 people (200 if men and women are to be considered separately), each providing a single timed 24-hour collection of urine for the estimation of sodium, would be required to monitor sodium intake in the community with a 95% confidence limit about the mean of c. +/-12 mmol/d. Much larger samples might be needed if greater precision is required.3

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Urinary creatinine excretion and lean body mass

Cited by 449 publications

References 29 publications

Faster reproductive rates trade off against offspring growth in wild chimpanzees

Faster reproductive rates trade off against offspring growth in wild chimpanzees

Glucagon-like peptide 2 improves nutrient absorption and nutritional status in short-bowel patients with no colon

Does dietary salt induce autoimmunity?

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