Urinary Cortisol Excretion Rates and Anxiety in Normal 1-Year-Old Infants

Tennes, Katherine; Downey, Karen K.; Vernadakis, Antonia

doi:10.1097/00006842-197705000-00003

Cited by 61 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…This hypothesis is supported by evidence showing correlations between suppressed cortisol levels and insecure avoidant behaviour in 1-year-old infants (Tennes 1977) and in maltreated children (Hart 1995). Yehuda's view that PTSD is a 'sensitisation disorder' that may be attributed to a priming of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis seems very likely.…”

Section: Italics As In Original)mentioning

confidence: 77%

Post-traumatic stress disorder and attachment: possible links with borderline personality disorder

Zulueta¹

2009

Adv. psychiatr. treat

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Section: Italics As In Original)mentioning

confidence: 77%

Post-traumatic stress disorder and attachment: possible links with borderline personality disorder

Zulueta¹

2009

Adv. psychiatr. treat

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“…Thirty percent of the study population was consistently inhibited in both a novel non-social and a novel social situation, and inhibition was relatively stable from young adulthood to early middle age [1,3]. Comparable to consistently inhibited children, inhibited males, compared to non-inhibited, had significantly elevated glucocorticoid levels, both following novelty and during an unstimulated period [3,[10][11]. Finally, social inhibition was a better predictor of glucocorticoid reactivity and basal levels than was non-social inhibition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These children are also more prone to certain behavioral and health problems, including increased risk for drug use in boys [4], problem behavior [5], anxiety disorders [2,[6][7][8] and allergies [9]. One physiological trait associated with inhibition that may explain certain behavioral and health trajectories is a greater release of glucocorticoids from the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis during unstimulated and stimulated periods [3,[10][11][12][13]. Given the complex relationships between genetics, environment and development, an animal model of this trait would provide a beneficial tool to understand factors involved in development of the trait and associated health trajectories.…”

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confidence: 99%

Behavioral inhibition and glucocorticoid dynamics in a rodent model

Cavigelli

Stine

Kovacsics

et al. 2007

Physiology & Behavior

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Behavioral inhibition (i.e. avoidance of unfamiliar) has been linked to significant differences in stress physiology and health. Developing an animal model of this common temperament provides a means to experimentally study the development and physiology of this trait as it relates to stress-related health processes. To elaborate such an animal model, we studied individual rat responses to two novel situations that mimic behavioral inhibition tests for humans (one non-social and one social). We measured individual consistency of behavioral responses across tests and time, and examined the relationship between behavior and glucocorticoid levels in outbred Sprague-Dawley male rats. Individuals were consistent in their behavioral responses to the same novel environment over time, but not in their responses across two different environments (i.e. non-social vs. social). A third of males were slow to approach novelty in both arenas (INHIBITED) and another third were fast to approach in both arenas (NON-INHIBITED). Behavioral inhibition was relatively stable across time and was associated with increased glucocorticoid production at baseline and in response to novelty but not during a post-novelty recovery period. Glucocorticoid levels were more closely related to their responses to the social novel arena than the non-social arena. Thus, behavioral inhibition is associated with acute and basal glucocorticoid over production and social inhibition is a more important predictor of adrenal activity than non-social inhibition. These preliminary observations provide strong support for an animal model of human behavioral inhibition and identify specific aspect of glucocorticoid production dynamics to examine in behaviorally inhibited children. Keywords behavioral inhibition; neophobia; exploration; glucocorticoid profiles; individual differences; stress In the United States, approximately 20% of children tested show stable signs of behavioral inhibition or shyness -a behavioral predisposition that indicates fear of the unfamiliar and avoidance of novelty in different situations [1][2]. In children, this trait is relatively stable over time, with 60% of shy 1-year-olds remaining inhibited 4 years later [3]. These children are also more prone to certain behavioral and health problems, including increased risk for drug use in boys [4], problem behavior [5], anxiety disorders [2,6-8] and allergies [9]. One physiological trait associated with inhibition that may explain certain behavioral and health trajectories is a greater release of glucocorticoids from the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis during unstimulated and stimulated periods [3,[10][11][12][13]. Given the complex relationships between

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“…For instance, rats that were vulnerable to inescapable stress secreted more corticosterone compared to stress-resistant rats [18]. In addition, infants who displayed greater overt anxiety during maternal separation and exposure to novelty had significantly higher urinary cortisol excretion during the episodes [19], and adult rats that were not handled as neonates had less effective negative feedback regulation of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), resulting in greater corticosterone secretion during stress [20]. Furthermore, increased levels of glucocorticoid hormones have been shown in a significant percentage of depressed patients [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novelty-evoked activity in open field predicts susceptibility to helpless behavior

Padilla¹,

Shumake²,

Barrett³

et al. 2010

Physiology & Behavior

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Learned helplessness in animals has been used to model disorders such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but there is a lack of knowledge concerning which individual behavioral characteristics at baseline can predict helpless behavior after exposure to inescapable stress. The first aim of this study was to determine behavioral predictors of helplessness using the novel and familiar open-field tests, sucrose consumption, and passive harm-avoidance tasks before learned helplessness training and testing. Individual differences in physiologic responses to restraint stress were also assessed. A cluster analysis of escape latencies from helplessness testing supported the division of the sample population of Holtzman rats into approximately 50% helpless and 50% non-helpless. Linear regression analyses further revealed that increased reactivity to the novel environment, but not general activity or habituation, predicted susceptibility to learned helplessness. During restraint stress there were no mean differences in heart rate, heart rate variability, and plasma corticosterone between helpless and non-helpless rats; however, a lower heart rate during stress was associated with higher activity levels during exploration. Our most important finding was that by using an innocuous screening tool such as the novel and familiar open-field tests, it was possible to identify subjects that were susceptible to learned helplessness.

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Urinary Cortisol Excretion Rates and Anxiety in Normal 1-Year-Old Infants

Cited by 61 publications

References 13 publications

Post-traumatic stress disorder and attachment: possible links with borderline personality disorder

Post-traumatic stress disorder and attachment: possible links with borderline personality disorder

Behavioral inhibition and glucocorticoid dynamics in a rodent model

Novelty-evoked activity in open field predicts susceptibility to helpless behavior

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