Urinary composition in men and women and the risk of urolithiasis

Urinary stone characteristics of patients treated with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta, 2008–2014: a gender analysis

“…Estrogen inhibits excretion of calcium and oxalate, and increase citrate production. 18 Study done by Sarada et al 17 reported that testosterone decreased citrate excretion. Another study in animal also showed oxalate excretion was increased by the administration of testosteron.…”

“…The result of that study found that male had higher risk in getting urinary stone due to higher excretion of calcium and oxalate, with low concentrations of citrate. 17 Sex hormones also have some role in stone formation process. Estrogen inhibits excretion of calcium and oxalate, and increase citrate production.…”

“…Another study in animal also showed oxalate excretion was increased by the administration of testosteron. 17 In addition protective effect of estrogen in premenopausal woman, could enhanced renal calcium absorption and reduced bone resorption. 15 This might also explained why age was related with stone formation process.…”

“…15 Loss of estrogen effect and increased of calcium excretion in postmenopausal woman may explained this condition. 17 The reason why urinary stone disease mostly found in productive ages still remains uncertain. However, social economic differences, cultures, and dietary life considered as the explanation.…”

Evaluation of Clinical and Chemical Profile of Patients with Urolithiasis in Pune, India

“…Stone formation commonly occur due to inadequate urinary drainage, foreign bodies in urinary tract, microbial infections, diet with excess oxalates and calcium, vitamin abnormalities like vitamin A deficiencies, excess vitamin D, and metabolic diseases like hyperthyroidism, cystinuria, gout, intestinal dysfunction etc. [7] Till date, various cities of india has been studied for urolithiasis such as in Manipur [8], Udaipur [9], Bombay [10], Vijayawada [11], Dhule [3], Karad [12], Patiala [13], Aurangabad [14].The observations strongly suggest the multifactorial etiology of stone disease in this regions such as imbalanced nutrition and urinary tract infection. Dietary habits revealed principal dependence on cereals, lack of animal proteins, consumption of oxalate rich vegetables and widespread consumption of tea.…”