Urinary Bladder Cancer: Role of MR Imaging

Abstract

Urinary bladder cancer is a heterogeneous disease with a variety of pathologic features, cytogenetic characteristics, and natural histories. It is the fourth most common cancer in males and the tenth most common cancer in females. Urinary bladder cancer has a high recurrence rate, necessitating long-term surveillance after initial therapy. Early detection is important, since up to 47% of bladder cancer-related deaths may have been avoided. Conventional computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging are only moderately accurate in the diagnosis and local staging of bladder cancer, with cystoscopy and pathologic staging remaining the standards of reference. However, the role of newer MR imaging sequences (eg, diffusion-weighted imaging) in the diagnosis and local staging of bladder cancer is still evolving. Substantial advances in MR imaging technology have made multiparametric MR imaging a feasible and reasonably accurate technique for the local staging of bladder cancer to optimize treatment. In addition, whole-body CT is the primary imaging technique for the detection of metastases in bladder cancer patients, especially those with disease that invades muscle.

Microdevices for Non-Invasive Detection of Bladder Cancer

“…Indeed, the protein and miRNA composition of tumor-derived EVs found in urine have been observed to reflect the presence of cancer [43]. For example, differential protein and miRNA profiles were observed in patients with prostate cancer [105,106].…”

“…Various known methods of EV isolation can be laborious and time-consuming [43], with significant losses of EVs trapped in filter pores and loss of EV function upon elution [109]. The lack of standardized methods for the isolation of EVs also confounds reproducibility of results.…”

The Role of Radiology in Perivesical Invasion of Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer

“…Bununla birlikte uzaysal çözünürlüğü BT'ye göre düşüktür. Mesanenin değerlendirilmesi için gerekli olan yüksek uzaysal çözünürlük, ince kesit (3 mm) ve geniş bir matriks, faz sıralı yüzeyel koil kullanımı ile sağlanabilir (11). Ayrıca multiplanar görüntüler, mesane kubbesi ve tabanında yerleşen lezyonların tanı ve evrelemesini kolaylaştırır.…”

“…Yeterince dolu olmayan mesanede tümörün tanısı, aşırı dolu mesanede ise yağ dokuya uygulanan kompresyonun artması ile perivezikal yağ doku invazyonunun saptanmasını zorlaştırmaktadır. Bu nedenle incelemeden 2 saat önce hastanın mesanesini boşaltması önerilir (11). Konvansiyonel MRG'nin temel sekanslarını yağ baskısız T1 ağırlıklı görüntüler ve yağ baskılı ve baskısız T2 ağırlıklı görüntüler oluşturur.…”

Preoperative T Staging of Urinary Bladder Cancer: Efficacy of Stalk Detection and Diagnostic Performance of Diffusion-weighted Imaging at 3T

“…[1][2][3] Thus, preoperative imaging studies that could precisely differentiate the 2 types of tumor could play an important diagnostic role.…”