Urinary biomarkers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their associations with liver function in adolescents

Urinary Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Metabolites Are Associated with Biomarkers of Chronic Endocrine Stress, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Adolescents: FLEHS-4 (2016–2020)

“…The sum of fluorene metabolites (2,3-OHFl) was also associated with NLR, with stronger associations observed in girls compared to boys. Differences in associations by sex between fluorene metabolites and inflammatory biomarkers have recently also been observed in the American National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, data from 2003−2016) [38]. In this study, including 3194 adolescents (12-19 years), urinary concentrations of 2-hydroxy-fluorene were significantly associated with C-reactive protein and leucocyte count in girls but not in boys.…”

“…All results were robust to control for demographic (age, sex, and household SES), anthropometric (BMI), lifestyle (smoking and exposure to ETS) and meteorological factors (season and temperature). All potential confounders have previously been suggested to relate to exposure to PAHs [4,38,55,64], to inflammation [38,57,65], oxidative and endocrine stress [17,30]. We found no indication of an influence of neighborhood SES on the observed associations.…”

“…In this study, including 3194 adolescents (12-19 years), urinary concentrations of 2-hydroxy-fluorene were significantly associated with C-reactive protein and leucocyte count in girls but not in boys. Possible explanations may be that girls have higher levels of activity of CYP1A1 enzymes, and PAH may produce higher toxicity through CYP1A1 metabolic activation [38]. Another reason for differential results with regard to fluorene metabolites may lie in the estrogenic activity that has been reported for fluorene [64].…”

“…Total and differential leucocyte counts in peripheral blood are widely-used hematological biomarkers of inflammation [36] and have been used as an immunologic end point to detect immunotoxic effects of environmental contaminants in epidemiologic studies in adolescents [37,38]. Leucocytes signal clinically relevant hematologic changes that may result in clinically identifiable immune disorders, with absolute numbers providing biologically more reliable information than differential leukocyte percentages [39].…”

Application of curcumin as a green and new sorbent in deep eutectic solvent‐based dispersive micro‐solid phase extraction of several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from honey samples prior to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry determination

“…They have high lipophilic nature with high log K o/w and boiling point [1,2]. Due to the mutagenic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic activities of PAHs, some of them are harmful to humans and the environment [3].…”