Urinary Biomarkers for Chronic Kidney Disease with a Focus on Gene Transcript

Abstract

Objective:In the upcoming era of precision medicine, searching for the early, noninvasive biomarkers has been the cornerstone and major challenge in the management of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Urine contains rich biological information which could be the ideal source for noninvasive biomarkers of CKD. This review will discuss the recent advance in urinary biomarker.Data Sources:This review was based on data in articles published in the PubMed databases up to June 20, 2017, with the following keywords: “Chronic kidney disease”, “Biomarker”, and “Urine”.Study Selection:Original articles and important reviews on urinary biomarker were selected for this review.Results:Urinary biomarker studies of CKD mainly focused on urine sediment, supernatant, and urinary extracellular vesicles. The gene transcript (microRNA [miRNA], messenger RNA [mRNA]) biomarkers have been recently shown with diagnostic potential for CKD reflecting kidney function and histological change. However, challenges regarding technique and data analysis need to be resolved before translation to clinic.Conclusions:Different fractions of urine contain rich information for biomarker discovery, among which urine (extracellular vesicles) mRNA, miRNA, might represent promising biomarker for CKD.

Genomic biomarkers for chronic kidney disease: the first step towards personalized medicine?

“…Despite compelling examples of the use of genomics to support personalized medicine, genomics alone is unlikely to provide sufficient information regarding disease pathophysiology and prognosis. Indeed, in spite of other omics approaches, including transcriptomics and metabolomics, have emerged as powerful tools for developing novel biomarkers for CKD in recent years [86][87][88] , and proteomics remains the classic realm for biomarker discovery. In this respect, transcriptional, translational, and post-translational modifications, which cause functional changes to proteins and their function, represent another unexplored area.…”

Chronic kidney disease: a review of proteomic and metabolomic approaches to membranous glomerulonephritis, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and IgA nephropathy biomarkers

“…Each year, CKD affects millions of people from all backgrounds and nations [2]. One of the problems associated with CKD is that, there are no early clinical symptoms to be used for diagnosis before the kidney enters an irreversible functional stage [3]. CKD also increases risk of cardiovascular diseases, hospitalization, and mortality [2, 4].…”

“…27600) commercially [2]. Recently, four clinical markers have been reported for diagnosis of IgAN (or for differential diagnosis of the disease from the other types of primary chronic glomerulonephritis); which are as follows: [1] > 5 RBCs/HPF in urinary sediments, [2] persistent proteinuria (urinary protein > 0.3 g/d), [3] a serum IgA level of > 315 mg/dl, and [4] a serum IgA/C3 ratio of > 3.01 [2]. Chan, et al found that, IC deposition in mesangial region leads to secretion of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) by mesangial cells; they also found that, inflammatory changes occur in renal interstitium [2, 54].…”

microRNA‐206 overexpression inhibits epithelial‐mesenchymal transition and glomerulosclerosis in rats with chronic kidney disease by inhibiting JAK/STAT signaling pathway

“…The continued development of CKD results in the increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease and may even lead to sudden cardiac death and heart failure . The major challenge of the CKD treatment is that there were no early clinical symptoms before CKD develops to the irreversible damage phase . Therefore, it is urgent to find candidate biomarkers to predict and control the progression of CKD …”

“…5 The major challenge of the CKD treatment is that there were no early clinical symptoms before CKD develops to the irreversible damage phase. 1 Therefore, it is urgent to find candidate biomarkers to predict and control the progression of CKD. 6 According to recent studies, in the kidney, different microRNA (miR) expression in the courses of acute kidney injury (AKI) and CKD development in humans and experimental rodent models has been found through high-throughput screening techniques, like microarray and small RNA sequencing.…”