Urinary Biomarkers: Diagnostic Tools for Monitoring Athletes’ Health Status

Abstract

Acute or intense exercise is sometimes related to infections of the urinary tract. It can also lead to incorrect hydration as well as incorrect glomerular filtration due to the presence of high-molecular-weight proteins that cause damage to the kidneys. In this context, our study lays the foundations for the use of a urine test in a team of twelve male basketball players as a means of monitoring numerous biochemical parameters, including pH, specific weight, color, appearance, presence of bacterial cells, presence of squamous cells, leukocytes, erythrocytes, proteins, glucose, ketones, bilirubin, hemoglobin, nitrite, and leukocyte esterase, to prevent and/or treat the onset of pathologies, prescribe personalized treatments for each athlete, and monitor the athletes’ health status.

Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Job Activity, Dietary Behaviours and Physical Activity Habits of University Population of Naples, Federico II-Italy

“…The beneficial effects of exercise are well known [35]. It has been widely demonstrated that physical exercise can prevent infections [36][37][38], inflammation and delay the onset of cardiovascular and muscular pathologies [39,40]. In this scenario, the practice of physical activity conducted according to the ANTI-COVID-19 rules, and a correct diet, such as Mediterranean Diet can represent a valid tool to combat weight gain and depressive moods that can characterize periods such as those of quarantine.…”

Observational Study on the Prevalence of Urinary Incontinence in Female Athletes

“…On the other hand, the literature states that the presence of urogenital diseases helped the development of UI [ 29 ], but this was not the case in this study because few women reported these associated pathologies. Furthermore, in a recent investigation by Pero et al [ 30 ], in which 12 male athletes were studied, it is clear from the results obtained in this intervention that the prevention of new infections together with timely targeted antibiotic treatment by sports physicians for existing infections reduces the continuation of infections that can be aggravated by intense physical exercise, which is why it should be related to our study, since only 11% of the women reported an illness associated with UI. Therefore, urine leakage has not only a physical significance, but also a very powerful psychological one and even the risk of associated infections [ 29 , 30 ].…”

Urine Analysis has a Very Broad Prospect in the Future

“…Some scholars also want to use urine to detect volatile organic compounds to achieve the purpose of distinguishing cancer types (Bannaga et al, 2020). Some experiments have proved that the health of athletes can be monitored through urine observation and analysis, so as to protect the health of athletes and improve their physical fitness (Pero et al, 2020), which also indicates whether ordinary healthy people can also perform health self-examination through urine. Accessibility makes it easier for people to monitor their physical health (Liu et al, 2020;Liu et al, 2021).…”