Uremic Toxicity

Vanholder, Raymond; Schoots, A.C.; Ringoir, S

doi:10.1007/978-94-009-1087-4_2

Cited by 13 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 99 publications

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“…It is also associated with uremic acidosis and bone disease in patients with renal failure [9]. It is considered by some authors as uremic toxins [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum Sulphate Levels in Hemodialysis Patients

Yıldırım

Hür

Mağden

et al. 2019

International Journal of Nephrology

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Objective Sulphur, similar to phosphorus, is easily attached to organic compounds. The inadequate elimination of sulphate may cause high sulphate concentrations in hemodialysis (HD) patients because sulphate is low in free form in plasma. Although we are well aware of the accumulation of phosphorus in chronic dialysis patients, we do not have an adequate knowledge database about the sulphur compounds. This study was designed to determine the level of sulphate in hemodialysis patients. Materials and Methods Ninety-four prevalent HD patients and 33 patients without renal failure were included in the study. The serum inorganic sulphate levels were measured by turbidimetric technique. Moreover, the serum level of urea, creatinine, albumin, calcium, phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone concentrations was simultaneously recorded. Results Mean levels of plasma sulphate were significantly higher (0.56 ± 0.17 mM vs 0.31 ± 0.13 mM, p < 0.001) in HD patients. Serum sulphate level correlated with patient's age, serum albumin, serum BUN and creatinine, and serum phosphorus level in HD patients. Serum sulphate levels were not associated with serum parathyroid hormone levels. Conclusion Serum sulphate levels were approximately twofold higher in HD patients than in the normal control group. Inorganic sulphate does not seem to accumulate in long-term dialysis patients, and mild increased serum levels of sulphate has no poor clinical outcome in these patients.

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“…It is also associated with uremic acidosis and bone disease in patients with renal failure [9]. It is considered by some authors as uremic toxins [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum Sulphate Levels in Hemodialysis Patients

Yıldırım

Hür

Mağden

et al. 2019

International Journal of Nephrology

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“…[1][2][3][4][5] They are noncrystalline polymers; their chain rigidity is derived from the relatively inflexible and immobile phenyl and SO 2 groups, whereas their toughness is derived from the connecting ether oxygen. 6 The application of PSF is focused on blood-contact devices (e.g., hemodialysis, hemodiafiltration, and hemofiltration in the form of membranes), [7][8][9][10] cell-and tissue-contact devices (e.g., bioreactors made of hollow-fiber membranes), [11][12][13] and nerve generation (through semipermeable, hollow PSF membranes). [14][15][16] Although these materials have excellent overall properties, their intrinsically hydrophobic nature restricts their use in membrane applications requiring hydrophilicity, such as salinesolution perfusion, artificial kidney membranes, and cell culture bioreactors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface characterization of quaternized polysulfone films and biocompatibility studies

Ioan¹,

Albu²,

Avram³

et al. 2011

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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A novel quaternized polysulfone with N-dimethyloctylammonium groups was investigated with respect to its surface properties, hydrophobicity, interactions with blood, and morphology. The history of the films formed from N,N-dimethylformamide/methanol and N,Ndimethylformamide/water solutions and the compositions of the solvent/nonsolvent mixtures influenced the surface morphology. Thus, atomic force microscopy investigations of the films showed pores and nodules of different sizes and intensities, which depended on the content of methanol or water in the solvent mixtures. Hydrophilicity modification, evidenced by the apolar components and the electron-acceptor and electron-donor parameters of the polar components of the surface tension parameters, was correlated with atomic force microscopy data. Surface wettability trends were analyzed on the basis of the free energy of hydration between the prepared films and water and the work of adhesion. The adhesion of red blood cells to the modified polysulfone showed the influence of the hydrophobic properties.

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“…The poor correlation between dialysis effect and serum creatinine levels was recognized by early quan tifiers of dialysis, so more attention has been focused on control of the urea [10,11]. This seemed appropriate for two reasons: (1) urea is easily dialyzed and is therefore a sensitive indicator of the dialysis effect, and (2) urea reflects total nonprotein nitrogen levels in the body among which are significant uremic toxins [7,12], Control of urea nitrogen that was limited to dietary pro tein restriction in the predialysis era was extended to include dialysis. However, it soon became apparent that neither the effect of dialysis nor the outcome correlated well with serum urea levels.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying Hemodialysis

Depner¹

1996

Am J Nephrol

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The interpretation of traditional serum urea and creatinine concentrations as indices of the severity of uremia requires major modifications in hemodialyzed patients. Although high urea concentrations usually signify worsening uremia and inadequate dialysis, low concentrations do not guarantee a good outcome. Urea production as modified by diet and other factors must also be included in a complete description of dialysis quantity and adequacy. The expression ‘Kt/V’ is a measure of hemodialysis that includes both urea removal and urea generation and is easy to measure from predialysis and postdialysis serum urea concentrations. Kt/V can be most precisely measured with the aid of mathematical models of urea kinetics during and between hemodialyses. Although a reliable measure of the dialysis dose received by most patients, the single-compartment model overestimates serum urea concentrations during hemodialysis and fails to predict the rebound immediately following dialysis. The classic two-compartment model that includes a factor for resistance to diffusion between the compartments, more accurately predicts the BUN profile but fails to account for blood flow-related disequilibrium including cardiopulmonary recirculation. Since solute disequilibrium reduces the effectiveness of hemodialysis, models that incorporate equilibrated urea concentrations both before and after hemodialysis are potentially more accurate tools for quantifying dialysis. Dialysate methods have the potential to accurately measure both solute removal which is the ultimate goal of dialysis, and patient clearance which is considered a better measure of the dialysis effect than dialyzer clearance. Application of these newer techniques requires major changes in sampling methods and changes in analytical equipment that will delay implementation. Meanwhile, analysis of blood-side urea concentrations using the single-compartment, variable volume model provides a reasonable estimate of Kt/V but must be interpreted with due consideration of its well-recognized pitfalls.

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Uremic Toxicity

Cited by 13 publications

References 99 publications

Serum Sulphate Levels in Hemodialysis Patients

Serum Sulphate Levels in Hemodialysis Patients

Surface characterization of quaternized polysulfone films and biocompatibility studies

Quantifying Hemodialysis

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