Urease from the soil bacterium Bacillus pasteurii: Immobilization on Ca-polygalacturonate

Ciurli, Stefano; Marzadori, Claudio; Benini, Stefano; Deiana, S.; Gessa, C.

doi:10.1016/0038-0717(96)00020-x

Cited by 97 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Soil urease is urease that is released from dead plants and ureolytic microorganisms after cell lysis and then immobilized on clays and humic substances. It has been suggested that the immobilization of urease results in increased enzymatic stability against both temperature and proteolytic enzymes (Ciurli et al 1996;Pettit et al 1976;Zantua and Bremner 1977).…”

Section: Soil Ureasementioning

confidence: 99%

The molecular processes of urea hydrolysis in relation to ammonia emissions from agriculture

Sigurdarson

Svane

Karring

2018

Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol

216

124

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Ammonia emissions from the agricultural sector give rise to numerous environmental and societal concerns and represent an economic challenge in crop farming, causing a loss of fertilizer nitrogen. Ammonia emissions from agriculture originate from manure slurry (livestock housing, storage, and fertilization of fields) as well as urea-based mineral fertilizers. Consequently, political attention has been given to ammonia volatilization, and regulations of ammonia emissions have been implemented in several countries. The molecular cause of the emission is the enzyme urease, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea to ammonia and carbonic acid. Urease is present in many different organisms, encompassing bacteria, fungi, and plants. In agriculture, microorganisms found in animal fecal matter and soil are responsible for urea hydrolysis. One strategy to reduce ammonia emissions is the application of urease inhibitors as additives to urea-based synthetic fertilizers and manure slurry to block the formation of ammonia. However, treatment of the manure slurry with urease inhibitors is associated with increased livestock production costs and has not yet been commercialized. Thus, development of novel, environmentally friendly and cost-effective technologies for ammonia emission mitigation is important. This mini-review describes the challenges associated with the volatilization of ammonia in agriculture and provides an overview of the molecular processes of urea hydrolysis and ammonia emissions. Different technologies and strategies to reduce ammonia emissions are described with a special focus on the use of urease inhibitors. The mechanisms of action and efficiency of the most important urease inhibitors in relation to agriculture will be briefly discussed.

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Section: Soil Ureasementioning

confidence: 99%

The molecular processes of urea hydrolysis in relation to ammonia emissions from agriculture

Sigurdarson

Svane

Karring

2018

Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol

216

124

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“…Skiba et al [33] argue that, especially in the agricultural sector, an EF can be too simplistic to reflect local [25] organic N metabolism ure urease [26] variations in climate, ecosystems and management, and should not, therefore, be used to take account of the effects of any mitigation strategies. This paper examines deviations of observed N 2 O emissions from those calculated using the simple EF for all anthropogenic sources and strongly advocates the need to adopt specific EFs that reflect regional variability in climate, soil type and management.…”

Section: Nitrous Oxide Emission Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological sources and sinks of nitrous oxide and strategies to mitigate emissions

Thomson

Giannopoulos

Pretty

et al. 2012

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

405

280

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Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) is a powerful atmospheric greenhouse gas and cause of ozone layer depletion. Global emissions continue to rise. More than two-thirds of these emissions arise from bacterial and fungal denitrification and nitrification processes in soils, largely as a result of the application of nitrogenous fertilizers. This article summarizes the outcomes of an interdisciplinary meeting, ‘Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) the forgotten greenhouse gas’, held at the Kavli Royal Society International Centre, from 23 to 24 May 2011. It provides an introduction and background to the nature of the problem, and summarizes the conclusions reached regarding the biological sources and sinks of N 2 O in oceans, soils and wastewaters, and discusses the genetic regulation and molecular details of the enzymes responsible. Techniques for providing global and local N 2 O budgets are discussed. The findings of the meeting are drawn together in a review of strategies for mitigating N 2 O emissions, under three headings, namely: (i) managing soil chemistry and microbiology, (ii) engineering crop plants to fix nitrogen, and (iii) sustainable agricultural intensification.

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“…The activity of CA and urease has been found in a wide range of microorganisms and plants [40]. Carbonic anhydrase and urease produced by bacterial metabolic activity have also played an extremely important role in the biomineralization process [18,19,41] due to the fact that they can increase the pH values in the culture medium to provide a prerequisite for the precipitation of minerals.…”

Section: The Biological Activity Of Bacteria Affects Biomineralizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomineralization of Carbonate Minerals Induced by Halophilic <em>Chromohalobacter israelensis</em> in High Salt Concentration: Implications for Natural Environments

Han

Li²,

Zhao

et al. 2017

Preprint

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High salt environment was widespread in modern and geological record, and sedimentation induced by microbes in these systems was an important part of sedimentary minerals and rocks. The mechanism of microbiologically induced carbonate precipitation has not been solved thoroughly although numerous scholars and experts have made specifically research of the problems with respect to minerals induced by bacteria. The study of carbonate minerals induced by Halophilic bacteria has aroused wide concern. The present study was aim to investigate the characterization and process of biomineralization in the high salt system, a Halophilic bacterium, Chromohalobacter israelensis LD532 strain (Genbank: KX766026), which isolated from Yinjiashan Saltern of China, was selected as an object to induce carbonate minerals. Carbonate minerals induced by LD532 were investigated in several comparative experimental sets with Mg resources of magnesium sulfate and magnesium chloride. Magnesium calcite and aragonite were induced by LD532 bacteria while these minerals were not in the control group. The mineral phases, micromorphologies, and crystal structures were analyzed using X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and energy dispersive X-ray detector. Carbonic anhydrase and urease secreted by strain LD532 through metabolism promoted the pH values of the liquid medium and the process of carbonate precipitation. Further study proved that the nucleation sites of partial carbonate nucleus were located on the extracellular polymeric substance and the membrane of intracellular vesicles of LD532 bacteria by high resolution transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray detector and ultrathin slices analysis, which provided favorable conditions for the growth of carbonate mineral crystals. The morphology and composition of minerals formed in MgSO4 and MgCl2 solution have significant differences, indicating that different sources of Mg 2+ could also affect the physiological and biochemical activities of microorganisms and then affect the mineral deposition. The accomplished study is of certain interest for interpretation of the carbonates biomineraliazation in natural salt environment, and has a certain reference value in understand of the sedimentary carbonates in ancient marine environment like evaporated tidal flat.

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Urease from the soil bacterium Bacillus pasteurii: Immobilization on Ca-polygalacturonate

Cited by 97 publications

References 22 publications

The molecular processes of urea hydrolysis in relation to ammonia emissions from agriculture

The molecular processes of urea hydrolysis in relation to ammonia emissions from agriculture

Biological sources and sinks of nitrous oxide and strategies to mitigate emissions

Biomineralization of Carbonate Minerals Induced by Halophilic <em>Chromohalobacter israelensis</em> in High Salt Concentration: Implications for Natural Environments

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