Urea Hydrolysis and Calcium Carbonate Precipitation in Gypsum‐Amended Broiler Litter

Burt, Christopher D. B.; Cabrera, M. L.; Rothrock, Michael J.; Kissel, D. E.

doi:10.2134/jeq2017.08.0337

Cited by 17 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(66 reference statements)

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“…The addition of gypsum to the bedding lowered its pH due to the precipitation of CC and bicarbonate [ 38 ]. The blends of straw with CC increased N mineralization and promoted NH 4 + formation by increasing urease activity and buffering against large pH increases [ 39 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterisation of Wheat Straw Pellets Individually and in Combination with Cassava Starch or Calcium Carbonate under Various Compaction Conditions: Determination of Pellet Strength and Water Absorption Capacity

2020

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This study aimed to optimise the production conditions of wheat straw (WS) pellets and pellets with the additives of cassava starch (CS) or calcium carbonate (CC) based on the criteria of pellet strength and water absorption by crushed pellets. The pellets produced using a 2–10%-wt/wt additive ratio, material moisture of 10–30% w.b., die height of 66–86 mm, and material temperature of 78–108 °C were tested. The influence these factors on the strength parameters of pellets was different than on the water absorption by the crushed pellets. The pellets made of WS blended with CC additive were characterised by better strength parameters and the compressed pellets were characterised by better water absorption than those with CS. High and positive correlation among specific pellet compression work, elasticity modulus for pellet compression, and tensile strength values were observed. As the strength parameters of pellets showed high correlation with single pellet density, for the consistency of conclusions, the optimal conditions for pellet production were assumed based on the density. For optimal conditions at 4% wt/wt additive ratio, 23% w.b. material moisture, 78 mm die height, and 80 °C material temperature, the specific pellet compression work was 3.22 mJ·mm−2, elasticity modulus was 5.78 MPa, and maximum tensile strength of the pellets was 2.68 MPa; moreover, the water absorption by crushed pellets amounted to 2.60 g H2O·g−1 of dry matter.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterisation of Wheat Straw Pellets Individually and in Combination with Cassava Starch or Calcium Carbonate under Various Compaction Conditions: Determination of Pellet Strength and Water Absorption Capacity

2020

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“…The conclusion regarding the positive effect of the use of additives, especially CC, and a material x of 1.00–1.94 mm in the production of pellets intended for litter should be reinforced by the argument that the additive of CC can increase N mineralisation, promote the formation of NH 4 + [ 46 ], and reduce the pH of the litter [ 47 ]. Pellets made of rice husk with additives of lignin and calcium hydroxide had acceptable mechanical durability, stable combustion, and absorbed minimal moisture [ 48 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Fraction Particle Size of Pure Straw and Blends of Straw with Calcium Carbonate or Cassava Starch on Pelletising Process and Pellet

et al. 2020

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The aim of this study was to investigate the pressure agglomeration process of wheat straw (WS) and the blends of WS with calcium carbonate (CC) or cassava straw (CS) with a ratio of 6% wt./wt. from seven separate fractions with sizes in the range of 0.21–2.81 mm. The agglomeration was performed at a moisture of 30% wb and a material temperature of 78 °C, with a dose of 0.1 g, in a die of diameter 8 mm and height 80 mm. The effects of the process were evaluated based on the compaction parameters and the pellets’ density, tensile strength, and water absorption. The incorporation of additives into the WS improved the pellet process and quality. Refined results were achieved after adding CC, as compared to those achieved after adding CS, and the preferred particle size was in the range of 1.00–1.94 mm. This was because, under the given conditions, the back pressure in the die chamber significantly increased, allowing the achievement of a single pellet density of 800 kg·m−3. The pellets were resistant to compressive loads and cracked only at tensile strength of 6 MPa and a specific compression work of 6.5 mJ·mm−2. The addition of CC to the WS improved the strength of the adhesive and the cohesive bonds between the particles. The water absorption for the uncrushed pellets was considerably less than that for crushed pellets, which results in the safer storage of uncrushed pellets and excellent moisture absorption of crushed pellets. The addition of CC to the WS offers benefits in the form of pellet strength with a high water absorption capability. Notably, a study of crushed pellet litter under broiler rearing conditions and an analysis of the operational costs of using WS additives are required for implementing this study.

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“…The literature surveyed indicates that gypsum has a minimal effect on litter pH when compared to alum applications. Amending broiler litter with gypsum (20-40% application) only decreased litter pH by 0.17-1.07 pH units (Burt et al, 2017(Burt et al, , 2018Loch et al, 2011;Sheng et al, 2015;Oliveira et a., 2003Oliveira et a., , 2004, whereas alum additions (4-10% application) have decreased litter pH by 0.97-4.38 pH units (Eugene et al, 2015;Loch et al, 2011;Madrid et al, 2012;Oliveira et al, 2003Oliveira et al, , 2004Rothrock et al, 2010). In addition, Moore and Miller (1994) treated poultry litter with gypsum and did not observe an effect on pH even at rates as high as 500 g kg −1 litter.…”

Section: Core Ideasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gypsum (CaSO 4 •2H 2 O) has been suggested as an amendment to reduce NH 3 volatilization from broiler litter, but results vary among studies (Burt et al, 2017(Burt et al, , 2018Loch et al, 2011;Mishra et al, 2013;Oliveira et al, 2003Oliveira et al, , 2004Sampaio et al, 1999;Wyatt & Goodman, 1992), and there is limited research that directly compares the effect of alum and gypsum…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of an acidified‐gypsum mixture on broiler litter urease‐producing bacteria and nitrogen mineralization

et al. 2021

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Ammonia (NH 3 ) volatilization from broiler (Gallus gallus domesticus) litter is a microbially mediated process that can decrease bird productivity and serves as an environmental pollutant. The release of NH 3 is strongly influenced by the pH of litter. Flue-gas desulfurization gypsum (FGDG) has been suggested as a potential amendment to reduce NH 3 volatilization due to the pH buffering capacity of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) precipitation. However, its effect on litter pH is not as pronounced as acidifying agents, such as aluminum sulfate (alum). The main objective of our study was to develop an acidified-FGDG amendment that has a more pronounced effect on litter pH and NH 3 volatilization than FGDG alone. We conducted a 33-d incubation in which litter pH, NH 3 volatilization, nitrogen mineralization, PLUP-ureC gene abundance, and CaCO 3 precipitation were measured. Treatments in the study included: broiler litter (BL), broiler litter + 20% FGDG (BL+FGDG), broiler litter + FGDG-alum mixture (BL+FGDG+A6), broiler litter + 6% alum (BL+A6), and broiler litter + 10% alum (BL+A10). Our FGDG+alum amendment decreased litter pH (0.68 pH units) and PLUP-ureC gene abundance (>1 log) compared with FGDG alone and the control (p < .05). This led to a 25% decrease in cumulative NH 3 loss after 33 d. The addition of FGDG alone did not have an effect on litter pH (p = .36) or cumulative NH 3 loss (p = .29) due to a lack of significant CaCO 3 precipitation.Treating litter with 6 and 10% alum was the most effective amendment for reducing pH and cumulative NH 3 loss.

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Urea Hydrolysis and Calcium Carbonate Precipitation in Gypsum‐Amended Broiler Litter

Cited by 17 publications

References 43 publications

Characterisation of Wheat Straw Pellets Individually and in Combination with Cassava Starch or Calcium Carbonate under Various Compaction Conditions: Determination of Pellet Strength and Water Absorption Capacity

Characterisation of Wheat Straw Pellets Individually and in Combination with Cassava Starch or Calcium Carbonate under Various Compaction Conditions: Determination of Pellet Strength and Water Absorption Capacity

Influence of Fraction Particle Size of Pure Straw and Blends of Straw with Calcium Carbonate or Cassava Starch on Pelletising Process and Pellet

The effect of an acidified‐gypsum mixture on broiler litter urease‐producing bacteria and nitrogen mineralization

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