“…Thus, cities are characterized by multiple abiotic and biotic modifications of the natural environment such as fragmentation (Crooks et al, 2004), human disturbance (Sauvajot et al, 1998;Fernández-Juricic, 2002), and increased pollutions: noise (Slabbekoorn and Peet, 2003;Meillère et al, 2015b), light (Dominoni et al, 2013;Spoelstra and Visser, 2014), electromagnetic (Engels et al, 2014), and chemical pollution (Roux and Marra, 2007;Isaksson, 2010;Bichet et al, 2013). Urbanization is also associated with altered predation risk (Fischer et al, 2012;Møller and Ibáñez-Álamo, 2012), inter and intra-specific competition (Duckworth, 2014), disease prevalence (Bichet et al, 2013;, food type and abundance (Robb et al, 2008;Harrison et al, 2010;Galbraith et al, 2015). All these modifications raise new important selective constraints for wild vertebrates, and as a consequence, biodiversity is overall impoverished in cities (Clergeau et al, 2006;McKinney, 2008).…”