Urbanization Processes and Cultural Change in the Early Iron Age of Central Europe

Fernández-Götz, Manuel; Mazzoli, Claudio

doi:10.1017/9781316550328.022

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…These temperate European societies share many structural similarities with the Etruscan communities in central Italy (Leighton 2013;Riva 2010), and overall the Italian connection seems much more important than the exchange with Massalia, at least until the late sixth century BC. But rather than explaining temperate European centralization processes as a consequence of the diffusion of Mediterranean stimuli, we should envisage analogous and largely parallel social trends in regions such as Greece, Etruria, and the territories immediately north of the Alps (Brun and Chaume 2013;Fernández-Götz and Krausse 2016). Their development is intimately linked with endogenous processes of demographic growth, social hierarchization, and production intensification.…”

Section: Mediterranean Influence or Indigenous Development?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Urbanization in Iron Age Europe: Trajectories, Patterns, and Social Dynamics

Fernández-Götz

2017

J Archaeol Res

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The development of the first urban centers is one of the most fundamental phenomena in the history of temperate Europe. New research demonstrates that the earliest cities developed north of the Alps between the sixth and fifth centuries BC as a consequence of processes of demographic growth, hierarchization, and centralization that have their roots in the immediately preceding period. However, this was an ephemeral urban phenomenon, which was followed by a period of crisis characterized by the abandonment of major centers and the return to more decentralized settlement patterns. A new trend toward urbanization occurred in the third and second centuries BC with the appearance of supra-local sanctuaries, open agglomerations, and finally the fortified oppida. Late Iron Age settlement patterns and urban trajectories were much more complex than traditionally thought and included manifold interrelations between open and fortified sites. Political and religious aspects played a key role in the development of central places, and in many cases the oppida were established on locations that already had a sacred character as places for rituals and assemblies. The Roman conquest largely brought to an end Iron Age urbanization processes, but with heterogeneous results of both abandonment and disruption and also continuity and integration.

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Section: Mediterranean Influence or Indigenous Development?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Urbanization in Iron Age Europe: Trajectories, Patterns, and Social Dynamics

Fernández-Götz

2017

J Archaeol Res

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“…Large tumuli are found at the bottom of slopes or in the valleys with richly endowed burial chambers including imported Mediterranean goods [ 21 ]. Four of these princely seats are known in Baden-Württemberg, with the Heuneburg being the most extensively investigated [ 26 ]. Graves also provide important clues to settlement structures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The princely seats were abandoned before or during the Early La Tène period and open settlements developed in the plains and valleys. A study using Geographic Information Systems analysis in an adjacent area discussed whether pastoral economy became dominant at the shift from the Hallstatt to the La Tène period [ 26 ]. In the funerary culture, we observe a development towards flat graves from the end of the La Tène A and in particular during the A2 phase.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies on site distribution mostly sought to define and characterise networks and centrality, focusing on these specific settlements and attempting to delimit their spheres of influence [ 16 , 28 , 29 ]. Similarly, earlier research on graves and tumuli often aimed at identifying so-called elite sites and exploring the characteristics that set them apart [ 26 ]. The past decade has also introduced varied perspectives on the nature of these “elites”, particularly in differentiating between status and prestige [ 30 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Point Pattern Analysis (PPA) as a tool for reproducible archaeological site distribution analyses and location processes in early iron age south-west Germany

Bilotti,

Kempf,

Oksanen

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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Point Pattern Analysis (PPA) has gained momentum in archaeological research, particularly in site distribution pattern recognition compared to supra-regional environmental variables. While PPA is now a statistically well-established method, most of the data necessary for the analyses are not freely accessible, complicating reproducibility and transparency. In this article, we present a fully reproducible methodical framework to PPA using an open access database of archaeological sites located in south-west Germany and open source explanatory covariates to understand site location processes and patterning. The workflow and research question are tailored to a regional case study, but the code underlying the analysis is provided as an R Markdown file and can be adjusted and manipulated to fit any archaeological database across the globe. The Early Iron Age north of the Alps and particularly in south-west Germany is marked by numerous social and cultural changes that reflect the use and inhabitation of the landscape. In this work we show that the use of quantitative methods in the study of site distribution processes is essential for a more complete understanding of archaeological and environmental dynamics. Furthermore, the use of a completely transparent and easily adaptable approach can fuel the understanding of large-scale site location preferences and catchment compositions in archaeological, geographical and ecological research.

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Urbanization Processes and Cultural Change in the Early Iron Age of Central Europe

Cited by 2 publications

References 14 publications

Urbanization in Iron Age Europe: Trajectories, Patterns, and Social Dynamics

Urbanization in Iron Age Europe: Trajectories, Patterns, and Social Dynamics

Point Pattern Analysis (PPA) as a tool for reproducible archaeological site distribution analyses and location processes in early iron age south-west Germany

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