Urbanization, Disasters, and Tourism Development: Evidence from RCEP Countries

Abstract

This study analyzes urbanization, disasters, and their impact on tourism development for RCEP (Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership) countries. We use ADF (Augmented Dickey-Fuller) and PP (Phillips-Perron) tests, causality tests, quantile regression, and fixed-effect panel models on data from 1995-2018. Empirical results show that urbanization does not help tourism development in the low quantiles but does help in the high quantiles. Disaster-preventive measures and post-disaster reconstruction help the development of tourism. However, in developed countries, disasters are not conducive to the development of tourism. Urbanization is the Granger cause of tourism and carbon emissions. The increase in temperature, rainfall, and carbon emissions caused by urbanization do not contribute to the development of tourism. Based on this, we have proposed a series of urbanization development and disaster defense measures to promote the sustainable development of tourism in RCEP countries.

Ecotourism Development Model Based on Disaster Risk Reduction in an Ecotourism Site in Indonesia

“…Tourists may be hesitant to visit tourist attractions due to this. Tourists are frequently transferred from disaster-affected areas to other countries or regions, posing a significant barrier to the tourism industry's post-disaster recovery (Wu et al, 2020). Ecotourism development will be hampered if disaster risk is not calculated into the equation planning.…”

“…This combination can create ecotourism development plans that consider disaster risk management as part of the ecotourism management. The tourism industry should actively participate in disaster risk reduction management (Wu et al, 2020). Disaster risk ecotourism development plans can be used as a starting point for tourism industry players and investors to determine the types and packages of tourism to be developed.…”

Economic Transformation and Sustainable Development through Multilateral Free Trade Agreements

“…The ten countries N • 3-12 in Table 1 have already formed the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA). KHM 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.29 0.00 0.00 (7) LAO 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 (8) MMR 0.04 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 (9) VNM 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.04 0.03 (10) MYS 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 (11) SGP 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 (12) BRN 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 (13) JPN 0.06 0.06 0.16 0.00 0.05 0.14 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.11 (14) AUS 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 (15) NZL 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 MYS 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 (11) SGP 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 (12) BRN 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 To calibrate the model to the constructed SAM, we need some more specifications for the functional forms. In particular, we assume linear technologies for ϕ n (z), n ∈ {L, H}: ϕ n (z) = c + a n z, n ∈ {L, H}.…”

“…As globalization proceeds rapidly and in a much more complex way, multilateral free trade agreements, such as the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), have been pursued for economic transformation breakthroughs. Related to the issue of sustainability, recent works highlight, among others, the dynamic and diverse economic aspects in RCEP countries (e.g., References [7,8]).…”

Investor Sentiment and Stock Returns During the COVID-19 Pandemic

“…However, studies using the Baidu index to examine the impact of investor sentiment on the returns of epidemic stocks are still rare. Although COVID-19 has dealt a huge blow to the tourism, hotel, and aviation industries, epidemic stocks such as anti-epidemic supplies and vaccines have benefited from this public health emergency (Wu et al, 2020 ). Using the Baidu index to proxy the information needs of investors based on Internet search volume and analyzing the impact of investor sentiment on specific stocks of the epidemic will not only help us to analyze the public's demand for epidemic materials and information, but to engage in real-time monitoring of the epidemic's trends and to improve the government's ability to respond and help in the economic recovery.…”