Urbanization and the urban mortality change in Imperial Germany

Vögele, Jörg

doi:10.1016/s1353-8292(99)00029-5

Cited by 20 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Before sanitary reforms, most infants who were artificially fed were exposed to contaminated water. In his work on urban infant mortality in late nineteenth and early twentieth century Germany, Vögele (1997) particularly focused on sanitary reform measures like water and sewage systems and municipal milk supply. He concluded that although in theory these reforms could have contributed to the infant mortality decline, in practice their effect was marginal (Vögele, 1997, 123-124).…”

Section: The Importance Of Infant Dietmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is breast best? Evaluating breastfeeding patterns and causes of infant death in a Dutch province in the period 1875–1900

Walhout

2010

The History of the Family

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In the Dutch province of Noord-Brabant, infants experienced extremely high mortality risks towards the final decades of the nineteenth century. It has been stated that infant survival in the past highly depended upon the fact whether a child was breastfed or not. In this article we will reflect on this perceived importance of infant diet in order to explain the high mortality risks of Brabant infants in the period 1875-1900. Using local aggregated cause of death data, a change in breastfeeding practices can indeed be detected. Between 1875/79 and 1895/99 there was an increase in the relative and absolute number of infants deaths as a result of diarrhoea and other digestive disorders indicating deficient hygiene and that fewer infants were breastfed frequently. By discussing differences between urban and rural settings, and between Catholic and Protestant regions, we will shed more light on possible mechanisms for this change in breastfeeding practices.

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Section: The Importance Of Infant Dietmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is breast best? Evaluating breastfeeding patterns and causes of infant death in a Dutch province in the period 1875–1900

Walhout

2010

The History of the Family

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“…Contrarily, seasonal variation of remaining deaths is more evident: specific deaths appearing concentrated in different seasons (Apostolidou et al, 1994;Sorg and Craig, 1983). Thus, a highest mortality due to digestive illnesses was observed in summer in European populations of the past, as England (Mooney, 1994) or Germany (Vögele, 2000). Currently, these exogenous deaths seem located in areas hotter and with a lower health status, as it was observed more recently in Southern Brazil.…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Thus, health improvements reduce flu, circulatory, and respiratory illnesses less than digestive (Landers and Mouzas, 1988). These last were the main cause of death in the past (Vögele, 2000), and currently they remain confined to the Third World (Malina and Himes, 1977;Nadal, 1970;Underwood, 1991). It is accepted that the great infant mortality decrease in Western countries (BourgeoisPichat, 1964), attributable to socio-economic and health development, is closely related to the secular reduction of mortality caused by exogenous factors, mainly deaths by digestive infections (Lee and Marschalck, 2002;Vögele, 2000).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These last were the main cause of death in the past (Vögele, 2000), and currently they remain confined to the Third World (Malina and Himes, 1977;Nadal, 1970;Underwood, 1991). It is accepted that the great infant mortality decrease in Western countries (BourgeoisPichat, 1964), attributable to socio-economic and health development, is closely related to the secular reduction of mortality caused by exogenous factors, mainly deaths by digestive infections (Lee and Marschalck, 2002;Vögele, 2000). Health deficiency, closely related to poor societies, is a very important factor on rate of infant mortality, mainly during the months of summer, when digestive deaths are more frequent (Mooney, 1994).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Child age influence on the seasonal death risk during the first year of life (Spain, 1975–1989)

Luna

Alonso-Ferreira

Fuster

et al. 2008

American J Hum Biol

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Infant mortality rate reflects a population's health status, which depends on several factors, such as diseases, environment, child development, and other population characteristics that can show seasonal change throughout the year. This article deals with the relevance of child age on the probability of death in the different seasons throughout the first year of life, taking into account the illnesses causing death. The study was carried out using a file from the Spanish National Institute of Statistics. To eliminate bias related to health improvement, only the 49,761 urban deaths corresponding to capital of provinces, taking place between 1975 and 1989, were considered. The variables analyzed were: the month in which death took place, disease causing death, and the child age at death. Since many causes of death are very infrequent, the analysis was limited to a selection of the most common 45,155 death cases. The causes of death analyzed were: digestive, nervous and sensory, circulatory, and respiratory diseases, delivery difficulties, congenital anomalies, and signs and syndromes (WHO, ICD-9). The infant mortality rates are associated with the child age at death. Moreover, a general ontogenetic change of the death risk can be observed, with some particularities depending on the disease analyzed. In general, regarding all infant deaths, the obtained results suggest a higher risk of dying in winter for children surviving the first month of life, whereas a summer pattern, with a maximum mortality in June, July, and August, appeared when newborns younger than 1 week were considered.

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“…After US occupation in 1898 there is ample evidence of US-style racism in Puerto Rico as North Americans expressed anxiety about incorporating an area populated by "inferior races" into the union, and the island's military governor, General George W. Davis, wrote that the dark-skinned people of the island were not capable of self-government, and perhaps should be disenfranchised like US blacks (Ayala and Bernabe 2007, 25, 30-32). In this atmosphere, considerable numbers of Puerto Ricans tried to have themselves officially 2 A sampling of this literature includes Escudero, Pérez de Perceval, and Sánchez-Picón (2012); Szreter and Mooney (1998); Preston and Van de Walle (1978); and Vögele (2000). 3 Hookworm is caused by the larva of either Ancylostome duodenale or Necator americanus parasites.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Environment, Urbanization, and Public Health: The Bubonic Plague Epidemic of 1912 in San Juan, Puerto Rico

Zulawski

2022

Lat. American Res. Rev.

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Rico, reluctantly admitted there were cases of bubonic plague in the city and that the disease was taking on epidemic proportions. Most of the cases, and the first ones diagnosed, were in a working-class neighborhood in San Juan known as Puerta de Tierra. The neighborhood had long been known for its unsanitary, overcrowded housing and high rates of infectious diseases, which health officers frequently decried. Yet, through the years, officials had little compunction about using Puerta de Tierra, and the waters that surrounded it, as places to dump garbage, house people with infectious diseases, allow unsanitary docks and stables, quarantine sick animals, and dispose of animal carcasses. Bubonic plague apparently spread from the docks in Puerta de Tierra and was believed to be imported. US health authorities believed the disease had spread from the Canary Islands, but Port of Spain, Trinidad, and La Guaira, Venezuela, where cases had been reported, were also thought to be the origin. 1 The epidemic

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Urbanization and the urban mortality change in Imperial Germany

Cited by 20 publications

References 10 publications

Is breast best? Evaluating breastfeeding patterns and causes of infant death in a Dutch province in the period 1875–1900

Is breast best? Evaluating breastfeeding patterns and causes of infant death in a Dutch province in the period 1875–1900

Child age influence on the seasonal death risk during the first year of life (Spain, 1975–1989)

Environment, Urbanization, and Public Health: The Bubonic Plague Epidemic of 1912 in San Juan, Puerto Rico

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