Urbanization and the incidence of abnormalities of squamous and glandular epithelium of the cervix

Conventional Pap Smear and Liquid-Based Cytology as Screening Tools in Low-Resource Settings in Latin America

“…8 In many developed countries where screening programs for early detection are available, the diagnosis of squamous and glandular abnormalities has increased during the past few years, ascribable to improved detection. 9,10 Conversely, in many developing countries, the continuous high mortality rates are associated with a lack of laboratory facilities for cytology as well as insufficient possibilities to diagnose and treat even those lesions that are detectable by cytology. 11,12 Cytology still remains the primary tool for large population screening programs, and cancer incidences have decreased substantially in countries where the Pap test has been effectively implemented.…”

Population-Based Cervical Screening with a 5-Year Interval in the Netherlands

“…The present study showed that under optimal Dutch circumstances, the histoscores for CIN 3 remained virtually the same, indicating that most of these lesions take 5 years to develop. In contrast, when a 3-year interval is used, as was the case in the Dutch screening program of 2 decades ago, 7 the histoscores for CIN 3 may almost halve, rendering the screening program less cost effective than the current 1, with a 5-year screening interval. 8 Quite similar to the Dutch experience, data from Icelandic studies show that the yield of high grade smears is larger when a screening interval of 5 years instead of 2 is used.…”

Issues of the Evaluation of Endocervical Cells of the Uterine Cervix on Cytological Smears

“…Many authors have already studied cytological and histological changes in the glandular and squamous epithelium of the uterine cervix in recent years [10][11][12][13]. An important step towards the evaluation of the findings of epithelium abnormalities was in 2001 the Bethesda system which supported the communication between gynecologists and cytopathologists [14,15].…”