Urbanization and the Development of Eighteenth-Century Southeastern Pennsylvania and Adjacent Delaware

Lemon, James T.

doi:10.2307/1919469

Cited by 14 publications

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“…Internal trade as well as population increases spurred town growth during the middle decades of the 18th century (Lemon 1967). Communities that appeared at prominent crossroads or navigation locations and served as focal points for the local economy and society have been termed "commercial towns" (Heite and Heite 1986a sisted of a tavern, a bridge or fording place, a grist mill or saw mill, wharves if on a navigable river, maybe a store, and some dwellings.…”

Section: -1770mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The town served as a receiving center for local and regional farm produce, brought by water from the small villages of the Upper Peninsula, or overland from southeastern Pennsylvania (Lemon 1967(Lemon , 1972. Millers processed the wheat, and merchants shipped the flour and other produce up the Delaware to Philadelphia (Lindstrom 1978;Walzer 1972).…”

Section: -1770mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Farmers in the Piedmont and Upper Peninsula practiced a system of mixed husbandry, combining the cultivation of grains with livestock raising (Bidwell and Falconer 1941: 84). Wheat remained the primary grain produced, followed by rye, corn, barley, oats, and garden vegetables (Bausman and Munroe 1946;Lemon 1967Lemon , 1972Strickland 1801). These commercial farming communities sold a high proportion of their agricultural produce.…”

Section: -1770mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Expansion inland and away from the early water transportation routes accompanied this economic growth and reorientation (Heite and Heite 1986a;Lemon 1967Lemon , 1972Munroe Northeast Historical Archaeology/Val. 19, 1990 13 1978; Wise 1980).…”

Section: -1770mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These figures exclude slaves, who probably accounted for one-third to one-fifth of the population, bringing the grand total to approximately 13,000 (Essah 1985; Pennsylvania Archives 1891: 741-742). Dissenters such as Presbyterians, Quakers, and Methodists comprised the majority of these inhabitants, with the balance of the European and European American population primarily Anglicans (Hancock 1962).Internal trade as well as population increases spurred town growth during the middle decades of the 18th century (Lemon 1967). Communities that appeared at prominent crossroads or navigation locations and served as focal points for the local economy and society have been termed "commercial towns" (Heite and Heite 1986a).…”

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Building a Framework for Research: Delaware's Management Plan for Historical Archaeological Resources

Cunzo

Catts²

1990

NEHA

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IntroductionIn the United States, the federal historic preservation program has enumerated a set of basic goals (National Park Service 1983). They guide the historic preservation planning process in each state, and consist of: 1) identifying the state's cultural resources; 2) establishing criteria by which to determine the significance of the resources; 3) applying the criteria in evaluating identified resources; and 4) developing means to assure preservation of significant resources and/or the significant information contained therein (Ames et a!. 1989: 1). This planning process is closely tied to the National Register of Historic Places created by the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966.The historic context forms the "cornerstone of historic preservation planning" (Ames et a!. 1989: 20). The historic context framework of time, space, and research themes provides a mechanism for evaluating historic resources in relation to broader cultural and historical patterns (Ames et a!. 1989: 20; National Park Service 1983). It allows consideration of therelationships between archaeological and other historic resources. At the same time, it promotes integration and synthesis of disparate studies undertaken across each state, spanning over three centuries, and addressing innumerable topics from several theoretical and methodological perspectives.In Management Plans in each state, then, a historic context framework is developed, and strategic plans presented for meeting the historic preservation program goals. Built on the historic context framework, these strategic plans are, by definition, oriented toward research as the basis of management.Over the past several years, the State Historic Preservation Office in Delaware has sponsored preparation of a series of Management Plans. The first, in 1986, was A (FIG. 1). Management Plan for Delaware's Prehistoric Cultural ResourcesThe most significant modification is the conflation of the Comprehensive Plan's 18 historic themes into four research domains. The purpose was not to confound integration of the study and management of Delaware's historical archaeological and other historic resources.Rather, as pointed out in the Comprehensive Plan, flexibility is a key component of the historic context concept. Within the historic context framework, themes can be developed across time and space, chronological periods can be developed as individual contexts, or contexts can even be constructed from a combination of themes and chronological periods at a variety of geographical scales (Ames eta!. 1989: 20).For the Management Plan's purpose of providing general guidance in planning for, identifying, evaluating, registering, and treating Delaware's historical archaeological resources, the research domains both relate better to the trends and directions in historical archaeological research today and serve to link and interrelate the various themes. TheComprehensive Plan also points out that development of historic contexts should comprise one of the first elements of the preservat...

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Section: -1770mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: -1770mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: -1770mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: -1770mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Building a Framework for Research: Delaware's Management Plan for Historical Archaeological Resources

Cunzo

Catts²

1990

NEHA

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An Island in the Center of Its Hinterland

Gurwitz

2019

Atlantic Metropolis

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Trends and Patterns of Latin American Urbanization, 1750–1920

Morse

1974

Comp Stud Soc Hist

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This paper finds its point of departure in population figures for 8 Latin American countries and 61 cities during the period 1750 to 1920 . 1 This span is a convenient one for the study of Latin American urban development. Prior to the mid-eighteenth century, population statistics, at least those available from printed sources, become sparse and unreliable, and one begins to get totals of householders rather than head counts. Moreover, the wide swings in current estimates of regional populations for the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries make relative urbanization rates problematical even when one has good data for towns. For the time being, the functional scale for urban places proposed by Hardoy and Aranovich (1969;) seems a more appropriate index for the Hapsburg and early Bourbon periods than a purely quantitative one. After 1920, when more frequent and modern national censuses facilitate data collection, a new era in Latin American urban development commences, marked by economic nationalism, broadened political participation, centralized economic planning, import substitution, the politicoeconomic ascendancy of the United States, and massive internal migrations.For the period of our concern, three successive trends or occurrences particularly invite correlation with urbanization: economic and demographic growth in the later Bourbon period; 2 national independence; and the late-nineteenth-century trend toward rising exports, foreign investment, and national unification.In the mid-eighteenth century the total population of Latin America began climbing from perhaps 10-12 million, where it had hovered for a century or more, to some 22-23 million at independence. This upsurge formed part of a worldwide population rise that we still experience as a demographic revolution. In Latin America the rise was linked to many 1 Graduate students at Stanford and Yale helped compile the statistics. We generally picked the largest cities as of 1920 but included an occasional city in decline like Guanajuato, Mexico. A previous publication (Morse, 1973b: II) gives sources and presents urban profiles for the eight countries; it also includes an earlier version of this paper. Boyer and Davies (1973) offer fuller statistics for Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and Peru.2 Brazil's expansionary phase dates from the Minas Gerais gold strikes of the 1690s. Yet even though gold production dropped after 1760, official town foundings were much more numerous in the second half of the century than in the first (Morse, 1972). 4l6

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Urbanization and the Development of Eighteenth-Century Southeastern Pennsylvania and Adjacent Delaware

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

Building a Framework for Research: Delaware's Management Plan for Historical Archaeological Resources

Building a Framework for Research: Delaware's Management Plan for Historical Archaeological Resources

An Island in the Center of Its Hinterland

Trends and Patterns of Latin American Urbanization, 1750–1920

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