Urbanization and the carbon cycle: Contributions from social science

Abstract

This paper outlines the contributions of social science to the study of interactions between urbanization patterns and processes and the carbon cycle, and identifies gaps in knowledge and priority areas for future social scientific research contributions. While previously studied as a unidimensional process, we conceptualize urbanization as a multidimensional, social and biophysical process driven by continuous changes across space and time in various subsystems including biophysical, built environment, and socio-institutional (e.g., economic, political, demographic, behavioral, and sociological). We review research trends and findings focused on the socio-institutional subsystem of the urbanization process, and particularly the dynamics, relationships, and predictions relevant to energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. Our findings suggest that a multidimensional perspective of urbanization facilitates a wider spectrum of research relevant to carbon cycle dynamics, even within the socio-institutional subsystem. However, there is little consensus around the details and mechanisms underlying the relationship between urban socio-institutional subsystems and the carbon cycle. We argue that progress in understanding the relationship between urbanization and the carbon cycle may be achieved if social scientists work collaboratively with each other as well as with scientists from other disciplines. From this review, we identify research priorities where collaborative social scientific efforts are necessary in conjunction with other disciplinary approaches to generate a more complete understanding of urbanization as a process and its relationship to the carbon cycle.

The association between rural–urban migration flows and urban air quality in China

“…Per capita industrial product had a relatively greater elasticity value than net migration rate and population density in all the four final regression models. Urbanization is a multidimensional socioecological process driven by changes in demographic, economic, institutional, infrastructural, and biophysical systems within urban areas (Marcotullio et al 2014b;RomeroLankao et al 2014). This multifaceted conception of urbanization dovetails nicely with the new human ecology and mediating factor approaches to the population-environment interactions.…”

Social Science Perspectives on Drivers of and Responses to Global Climate Change

“…Social scientists commonly study land transformation in rural domains, including the tropics, where they address the social and institutional processes of deforestation (Rudel 2005). As important, their analyses of urban, suburban, and exurban land-use and land-cover change are critical for understanding urban residents' resource-consumption patterns and associated greenhouse gas emissions (Leichenko and Solecki 2005;Marcotullio et al 2014;RomeroLankao et al 2014;Rudel 2009). …”

Climate change: Track urban emissions on a human scale

“…When systems 9 . Social scientists are examining the connections between wealth, population size or density and carbon emissions 10 , but not within realistic, economically constrained, engineered landscapes.…”